Dassault Aviación "Rafale"

History of development and flight testing

In the unanimous opinion of experts, the fourth-generation fighter, "Rafale" will be the last European combat aircraft (after the Swedish "Gripen"), created entirely in one country, in this case France. The history of its development back to the mid-1970s, when the Air Force and French Navy began evaluating prospective aircraft to replace the fighters, long in use or being prepared to enter into service. French Air Force considered the draft fighter-bomber ACT, and the sailors - Navy Fighter ACM. To save money, both of the armed forces have agreed to develop common requirements and to issue a general request for proposals.

Mandatory requirements for the clock were operating the aircraft in any weather and ability to perform a wide variety of tasks to eliminate air, ground and surface targets. By the time to perform these tasks serve a whole range of aircraft - fighter-bombers SEPECAT «Jaguar", Dassault Aviación "Mirage» F1CT and "Super Etandar" interceptor "Mirage" 2000, "Mirage» F1C and Chance Vought F-8P « Crusader, "scouts" Mirage »F1CR and" Etandar »IVPM and support of nuclear weapons" Mirage »2000N. Future aircraft had to have a relatively low operating costs throughout the life cycle through the use of high-efficiency engines, resources and airframe and power plant to be easy to maintain.

Solve the problem of reducing the costs of developing the fighter could be due to joint efforts of European companies. Concluded between France, Britain, Germany and Italy, an agreement to establish "evroistrebitelya" faced a serious problem: the participants did not agree in the sense of take-off weight. France wanted to have the aircraft takeoff weight of 9,000 kg class to be able to operate with its aircraft carriers. Other countries have dreamed of aircraft take-off mass exceeding 10,000 kg. As a result, France has refused to cooperate and went his way, and its partners continued cooperation failed, which led to the birth of the fighter Eurofighter "Typhoon".

Launched in France program is a fourth-generation fighter was the symbol SUVs. It included the construction of a demonstration fighter "Rafale" And that is scheduled to work out the necessary technology. In December 1985, at the "Dassault Aviación" in the Paris suburb of Saint-Claud, in the presence of the late Marcel Dassault aircraft demonstrator held a presentation "Rafale" A fully painted in bright white. After that it rapidly began to prepare for flight tests, which began on July 4, 1985 in PEOPLE firm "Dassault Aviación" in Istria to the south-east of France near Marseille.To reduce technical risk, on this plane, it was decided to install two General Electric turbofan F404-GE-400, proven by U.S. fighter planes McDonnell Douglas F/A-18A/B «Horney." For the "Rafale" engines SNECMA M88-2 has not yet been prepared. The aircraft "Rafale" A was made on a "canard" with tselnopovorotnym CHR, a delta wing and digital EDSU. In September 1986 he successfully demonstrated at the aerospace show in Farnborough. At the end of February 1990 began flight testing of fighter aircraft, which instead found the left engine F404 M88-2. With a combined power plant in May 1990 demonstration machine without using afterburner made supersonic cruise flight at a rate corresponding to the number of M = 1.4. In January 1994, "Rafale" And was written off, only he carried out 865 flights.

With the fall of "Berlin Wall" and the collapse of the Soviet Union's program to develop the fighter has undergone major changes caused by significantly reducing the military budget and the reorganization of the French Air Force. This has resulted in the removal of weapons from fighters "Mirage» 5F and a decision on upgrading 55 interceptors "Mirage» F1C in fighter-bombers "Mirage» F1CT. Funding for the development of future fighter aircraft has been reduced, and the Air Force command a high priority was engaged in the modernization of interceptors "Mirage" option in the 2000S 2000-5F.

However, the design of the new fighter was going on. To meet the needs of the various tasks (air defense, air superiority, strike operations with precision weapons, the use of tactical nuclear weapons and intelligence) Air Force needed two versions of a fighter, "Rafale": Single "Rafale" With (the letter "C" in the first French word «chasseur», which means "fighter") and the double "Rafale" In (the letter "B" first word «biplace», which in Russian means "double").

In May 1991 OFFICERS in Istria started flight tests of an experienced fighter, "Rafale" C01, painted entirely in black. To build a second prototype was not enough money.

C01 experienced markedly different from the demo copy. When you save the appearance he was smaller and lighter. Were also made constructive measures to reduce the ESR, in particular, the rounded wing fairings junction with the fuselage, gold-plated glass cockpit crew, the modified design of the rear fuselage, the use of RPM, and so a role in the reduction of the EPR design and reducing weight played a greater the use of composites. The aircraft is "Rafale" C01 console PGO were made of titanium by diffusion bonding, and in the construction of the wing were used carbon composites.

Designers' Dassault Aviación "managed to create a relatively simple fighter with fixed air intakes and without air brake flaps, making it easier, so maintenance costs. At the same time the company "Dassault Aviación" were the first to apply a number of technical innovations, such as a fully duplicated hydraulic system with a working pressure of 350 kg/cm2 and generators with variable frequency, allowing to increase the reliability and safety of operation. At present these new items are used in double-deck Airbus A380 long-haul airliner.

Like the "Mirage" 2000 Fighter "Rafale" was on the operating conditions meet NATO standards.Designers from the outset firmly linked the aircraft structure to the "NATO" standards STANAG.Therefore, all the fighters the "Rafale" fully integrated into NATO. For example, it is combined with the radio security system "Quick Haven", and the system of in-flight refueling can dock with the NATO system adopted in filling of the "hose - cone." Means of identification and information distribution system of faults (MIDS-LVT) were designed with the participation of experts of NATO. To "Rafal 'could carry aircraft weapon used in NATO countries, all of its 14 external hardpoints meet the appropriate standards. This was confirmed during tests on fighter BAC GBU-12.

It was assumed that the aircraft will carry conventional bombs Mk.82, Mk.83 and Mk.84 and KAB GBU-22/24 «Peyvuey" 111 laser-guided.

The aircraft "Rafale" C01 was used mainly for studies of flight regimes to expand its engine and M88-2. Later on it was tested weapons (firing guns and rocket launches class "air - air '" DiorSnow Pure "2), and the interface is being followed," man - machine ". At one time it seemed that the plane C01 is obsolete and can be written off. However, it retained for testing experimental turbofan SNECMA M88-3.

Adoption in the mid-1980s two-seat fighter-bomber "Mirage» 2000N, capable of carrying nuclear weapons, has shown that the French Air Force are keenly interested in the tactical fighter double. Originally planned to purchase 25 two-seaters, "Rafale" in for training purposes. The Gulf War showed that the two-seat fighter is more adapted to impact operations. The load on the pilot single "Jaguar" and "Mirage» F1 was very high, especially in adverse weather conditions. The use of double machine "Mirage» 2000N and 2000D in shock confirmed the correctness of the operations division of responsibilities between the pilot and weapons systems operator. The first flight of a single two-seat fighter pilot "Rafale" B01 held in April 1993 was used to test weapons control systems, including radar and RBE2 system of "spectrum". Since it also resets the different weapons. The aircraft often flew with three drop tanks with a capacity of 2,000 liters, two tactical KR "Apache" or SCALP / «Storm Shadow" and four guided missile "air - air." In this configuration, he appeared on various aviation trade shows, where high maneuverability clearly demonstrated with this collection of pendants. Compared with single "Spark" was heavier at 350 kg, but was reduced to 400 liters of fuel. B01 Fighter was a normal military machine. Equipment in both compartments was the same, so he could perform the assigned tasks and the pilot and weapons systems operator. But in reality the duties of crew members were as follows: the pilot was working on air targets, and the operator - on the ground.

As already mentioned, the French Navy would get a new carrier-based fighter aircraft to replace the outdated "Etandar» IVPM and F-8P «Crusader", and a relatively fresh car "Super Etandar."At one time seriously considered the possibility of buying U.S. fighter F/A-18C/D «Horney," but finally settled on an aircraft of its own design. However, the lack of financing options prompted the design of deck naval command to do the modernization of fighters, "Crusader" to save the carrier's air defense system of the group.

Single carrier-based fighter, "Rafale" retained a high degree of commonality with his fellow land, even though it made a different design changes required for shipboard use. In this wing of the left neskladyvayuschimsya. On the one hand, this is resulting in savings in the mass of construction, but on the other hand, limited the number of based aircraft. However, major problems are not caused, as the size of nuclear aircraft carrier "Charles de Gaulle" superior were formerly in the French Navy aircraft carrier "Foch" and "Clemenceau". Deck option called "Rafale" by M. It has a reinforced frame design, brake hook in the rear fuselage, a stronger chassis that allows you to withstand high impact loads when landing on the deck, built-in retractable ladder for boarding the cab, etc. At the end of keel system housed "Telemir", which provides data transfer between on-board inertial navigation system and navigation equipment carrier. The aircraft is also equipped with a microwave system for automatic landing on the deck. Significant revision front landing gear was subjected to: it was longer, resulting in the aircraft when parked on deck noticeably lifts up his nose. To be able to use on U.S. aircraft carriers, device grip the nose landing gear is the same as on the deck and the U.S. Navy fighters. As a result of structural modifications fighter "Rafale" M was 500 pounds heavier than the aircraft "Rafale" C. However, the increase in mass glider was lower than previously estimated.

After in-depth studies of the French Navy leadership decided to include in the procurement plan double carrier-based fighter, "Rafal» N. He must have a very high degree of commonality with single "Rafal" M, but carry less fuel (4485 kg vs. 4700 kg). Started to develop the aircraft, designers firm "Dassault Aviación" realized that the need to make changes in design of the machine. To carve out a place to put an already compressed fuselage additional equipment had to remove the built-gun Zom 791. There were also reinforced hinge mounts cockpit crew in order to withstand strong wind over the deck of aircraft carrier.

Even during the flight test demonstration fighter "Rafale" And made a series of passes over the deck of aircraft carrier 'Clemenceau', mimicking the approach. After a while the aircraft is not fitted for naval service, has done a similar evolution over the deck, "Foch". In the first half of December 1991 began flight tests of prototype carrier-based fighter, "Rafale" M01.

In the summer of 1992 on the basis of naval aviation in the U.S. Navy Leykherste (New Jersey) began the first series of flight tests M01. There's a mock aircraft carrier deck, from which aircraft took off with catapults and arresting gear sat on. The tests were forced to Leykherste: in the UK a similar test facility in Bedford was closed after the withdrawal of the British aircraft carrier the Navy "Ark Royal". In January - February 1993 there was held in Leykherste second series of tests. This was the final preparation work on the real aircraft carrier: April 19, 1993 aircraft "Rafale" M01 first landed on the deck of an aircraft carrier "Foch". Piloted fighter chief pilot by "Dassault Aviación" Yves Kerhervé.

In November 1993 OF in Istra first took to the sky deck second aircraft "Rafale" M02. At this time, the first car in Leykherste held the third series of tests, which ended on the eve of the new tests in 1994 and Leykherste "Faucher" reassure developers that can now be ready for flight tests, "palubnikov" in conditions close to real, t . is, with the sling, including MDR-TB capacity 1250 and 2000 liters. In July 1999 the prototype M02 started to fly on an aircraft carrier "Charles de Gaulle." Tests showed that the fighter "Rafale" M perfectly sits on an aircraft carrier even with a large number of unused weapons. Now the fighter M02 worked through improved avionics complex, according to standard F2. The aircraft did not fly M01 in June 2001 during the regular work of the Paris aerospace exhibition, he was placed in the center of Paris on the Place de la Concorde.

During testing, all experienced fighter, "Rafale" had a fixed bar system in-flight refueling, installed on the starboard side in front of the cockpit. During the long flight testing in-flight refueling was carried out with the Boeing C-135FR.

For the company SNECMA M88 engine for the creation of a new fighter has proved extremely difficult. Nevertheless, it managed to solve it. Customer needed a motor that can work well in air combat maneuvering and air defense systems at the break at low altitude, it should have a high ratio of thrust to weight, have low fuel consumption in all modes of flight and a great resource.The firm SNECMA two-shaft turbofan opted for, which was to become a founder of the French motor third-generation (to the previous generation include turbofan family, "Atar", installed on the fighters' Mirage »III, IV, V and F1, and M53 engines, used on" Mirage "2000). M88 engine program for the development officially began in 1986 In February 1989, held its first bench test.A year later, in February 1990, started the engine tests at the demonstration flight, "Rafale" And, in early 1996, it has been fully certified. Deliveries of production turbofan M88 began in late 1996, according to the company SNECMA, experienced in M88 engines have accumulated 11 000 flying hours, nearly 4000 hours worked during the testing of improved M88-2 engines.

The next step was to provide an improved turbofan M88-2, which in the production version of the engine in the fifth generation. This engine is characterized by low weight (900 kg), compact (diameter 0.69 m) and high fuel efficiency. It has a takeoff thrust of 5100 kg, which is in afterburner increases to 7650 kg. It applies digital control system FADEC, through which over 3 engine can go from the regime, "a small gas" for maximum boost. RED allows at any time be changed easily pull from combat mode to "small gas" and vice versa. The engine is able to operate normally even in the presence of minor faults, no warning of this pilot. The design uses a three-stage turbofan fan and six-high-pressure compressor. The gas temperature before the turbine is nearly 1580 ° C, and the total pressure ratio is 24.5. At takeoff thrust 5100 kg of fuel consumption is 0.8 kg / kg • h, and the afterburner - 1.7 kg / kg • h.

When creating a multi-pronged approach used engine. In the first phase were built starting 29 M88-2 turbofans. All of the following engines were ordered sequence of the second and third stages, while not yet begun production of variant M88-2, conforming to the fourth stage. Due to the further improvement of the turbine and compressor of high pressure in the engine significantly increased time between overhauls. M88 engines have very low operating costs.

SNECMA firm has orders for 160 engines M88. Total Ministry of Defence of France will acquire almost 700 engines for the installation of 294 fighters "Rafale". Currently, the plant in the company Melen, Vilyaroshe issued monthly for at least six engines M88-2. In the presence of export orders production rate can be increased. M88 engine had planned to use for a training aircraft EADS «Mako" the development of which seems to be curled.

To enhance the combat capabilities of the aircraft "Rafale" and the possible replacement of engines on the M53 jet fighters "Mirage" in 2000 and RM12 engine to "Gripenah" SNECMA company is developing versions of M88 turbofans with increased traction. The first step in this direction is the creation of the engine M88-3. Takeoff thrust turbofan this will be 9180 kg, which is 20% more than the M88-2. At the same time everything is done to preserve the maximum unification of the engine M88-2. According to the company SNECMA, 40% of parts and components are interchangeable.

Distinctive features of the M88-3 engine is a new three-fan design of the "blisk" with increased to 72 kg / s air flow (in M88-2 consumption is 65 kg / s), improved single-stage high pressure turbine, the new blade guide vanes on the stator, Improved afterburner and adaptive nozzle with a reduced thermal signature. Engine weight increase to 985 kg. To provide increased air flow required minor modifications, air intake, but, as stated by SNECMA, increasing the resistance and the ESR is not going to happen.

The new engine will reduce the long run, increase the rate of climb and the steady speed of the combat turn. However, the specific fuel consumption of two engines M88-3 will remain the same as the M88-2. Development of M88-3 began in 2001 and in 2005 it is expected to certify. Flight tests of the engine will be a fighter, "Rafale" C01, and in 2006 the first two engines will be given for installation on the aircraft.

Developers "Rafale" from the outset laid in its design rather capacious fuel tanks, which can be filled at more than 5,700 single-seater and a double l - 5300 l. On the outer suspension fighter can carry two types of drop tanks, which serve to accommodate the five so-called "wet" nodes, ie nodes having fuel supply system of the PTB in the engines. If the aircraft must perform supersonic flight, then hung up on him two specially designed drop tanks with a capacity of 1250 liters. These tanks can be attached to any of the five "wet" sites. For flights over long distances used the larger drop tanks with a capacity of 2,000 liters. These tanks can be suspended only to the three external nodes: central ventral and two inner underwing. In addition, "Rafale" has a fixed bar toplivopriemnika to refuel in flight.

At the request of customers who want to further increase the range of their "Rafal" firm "Dassault Aviación" has provided the installation of two KTB capacity to 1150 liters. They are placed over the root of the console in place of the wing joint to the fuselage. Aerodynamics KTB is that their resistance is less than the conventional PTB. Application KTB will all "wet" sites used to host weapons. KTB are removable for installation or removal takes less than 2 hours in the case of KTB and PTB, the total amount of fuel in a fighter, "Rafale" could reach 10 800 liters.

KTB can be placed on all versions of a fighter. Flight tests of the KTB began April 18, 2001, when test pilot Eric Gérard flew with them to double the experimental aircraft "Rafale" B01.During the test it was proved that with KTB aircraft can make supersonic flight, in particular, it has been the speed corresponding to the number of M = 1.4. The aircraft flew with the different options sling: four SD-class "air-to-air '" Mika ", two tactical cruise missiles and two rockets SCALP" Mika ", three drop tanks with a capacity of 2,000 liters, etc. The tests also showed that the presence of KTB does not affect the handling of a fighter.

"Rafale" is now considered one of the most advanced fighter aircraft. In the future, it will install more efficient engines and radar RBE2 M88-3, the plane will become a serious competitor on the international market. Already there are a number of countries have expressed a desire to buy it.The company "Dassault Aviación" making great efforts to finalize "Rafale" to keep a high level of its export potential. For example, the proposed measures to reduce the ESR. In particular, we study the special "subtle" fairing, which will close the external suspension arms and shoot before discharging weapons. Another suggestion is to place missiles in launch of cylindrical containers.

Recent international competition to supply fighter jets showed that the company "Dassault Aviación" has found a firm place in the market. While the United States are often reluctant to provide software systems for aircraft armament foreign buyers (even its closest allies), the French company does not show any hesitation in this, that allows you to strengthen relationships with customers.

Originally planned to develop a fighter to spend 155 billion francs. But over time the amount of capital investment began to grow (which is typical for almost all programs for the creation of military equipment), and in 1999 the figure had already called the 320 billion francs.

Avionics.

 "Rafale", just like any other modern combat aircraft is equipped with avionics, which consists of several different systems that are integrated with each other in order to issue the pilot information as possible about the tactical situation. As part of these systems, various sensors, a means of electronic warfare, navigation equipment, system identification, and displays in the cockpit. The aircraft is not the main sensor, as the onboard radar, optoelectronic and thermal imaging system anterior view (FSO) system and electron beam "spectrum" jointly engaged in providing pilots with necessary information. All data obtained from various sources, concentrating on the central tactical display on the dashboard. Passive FSO practically not subject to external influence, and its angular resolution is higher than that of radar. On the other hand, the locator provides a more accurate determination of range and may be accompanied by a greater number of goals. At the same time, the system of "spectrum" radar analysis of the work of the enemy, can accurately determine their coordinates. Comparison of data obtained from various sensors to determine exactly the nature of the threat and its location.

Now the pilot can get an accurate picture of the tactical situation. Previously, the pilot had to rely on their brains to analyze the data received from radar, and on what they see in his eyes. Based on this pilot represent the situation. Avionics on the "Rafale" takes on a significant part of analytical work, offloading from the pilot and allowing him to pay more attention to the task. The pilot can now focus on combat operations rather than managing the aircraft. Multichannel weapon control system can simultaneously conduct combat air and ground targets. For example, the radar operates at ground targets, and the system is searching for FSO and escort fighters. The core avionics processing unit is MDPU, which uses civil element base. With the integration of all MDPU is complex avionics and weapons systems. Thanks to its open architecture and multiple redundancy, the system has a high adaptability, which it can easily be paired with a promising new weapons and avionics. In addition, the system can increase its capacity, so that any modification of the aircraft will not cause any problems. It should be noted that the unit is not installed on MDPU deck fighters "Rafale" M compliant F1; they used a system developed by the old technology. But the first production aircraft "Rafale" B and C for the Air Force, such blocks are available.

Using radar with AFAR to Rockwell bomber Boeing B-1B "Lancer" and the fighter-interceptor MiG-31 does not escape the attention of French experts, who quickly recognized this revolutionary technology. It is known that AFAR is also used in the fifth generation fighter Lockheed Martin F/A-22 «Raptor" and will be applied to other advanced combat aircraft.France deployed an unprecedented research to develop its own radar system with electronic scanning, which could be widely used in military equipment, ranging from battleships to aircraft.The first example of military equipment to receive AFAR, was a fighter, "Rafale".

Electronic scanning radar performance dramatically improves in comparison with the radar, using mechanical scanning.

For electronically scanned antenna does not need complicated mechanical actuators, they are more reliable and to some extent are "invisible." The beam moves with great precision and almost instantly in the vertical and horizontal planes, which is very important when running radar in search mode and tracking. The reaction in antenna with mechanical scanning is slower, and modern air combat is extremely transient. When a station is operating in search mode, the time between repeated scans of a section of air space is large enough. So it may happen that the previously detected target is no longer there to see. It is no accident of this lack of mechanical antenna is taken into account in the tactics of modern air combat. On the contrary, away from the fighter, equipped with an antenna with electronic scanning system is almost impossible. More importantly, the electronic scanning system allows you to continuously manage time between the modes of the antenna, so that at the same time, you can search and tracking of air and ground targets. AFAR radar with search and tracking but can control fire, and do it all at once. High-performance processors and efficient information distribution system improves the combat capabilities of aircraft in bad weather.

Company "Thales" was the first time in Western Europe to develop a multi-mode radar RBE 2 electronically scan and clean up its production. It turned out the compact, but it can detect targets at long distances. Designers managed to place the antenna at a relatively small nose fairing "Rafale". This radar and electronic equipment can withstand the shock overload when landing an aircraft on the deck of an aircraft carrier. Flight testing station RBE 2 began in July 1992 on a converted aircraft Dassault administrative Aviación 'Falcon' 20. Further testing has expanded the scale, at certain moments in the OF in Istra they attended as many as five aircraft: three "Falcon" 20 and two fighters "Mirage" in 2000 (serial numbers 501 and 504). Then they were joined by experienced fighters "Rafale" B01 and M02, and then serial "Rafal» Ml, B301, and V302. The first production set of radar RBE 2 was delivered in October 1997 on the fighters, the relevant standard F1, radars provide only work on the aircraft. F3 fighter jets to the standard they will be fully multi-mode, including automatic tracking of the terrain when flying at low altitude.

Due to the unique characteristics of the RBE station 2 can detect targets at long range and simultaneously track up to 40 air targets (flying at different heights, including being on the background of the Earth's surface) in any weather and under strong interference. After processing the information received, highlighted eight priority goals, which are used against missiles, "air-" "Mika" active radar guidance system. Every two runs with a single missile. After that, radar continues to accompany the remaining 32 goals, while adjusting the flight of missiles. Tests have shown that using AFAR can be destroyed maneuvering air targets.

When performing the task to destroy ground targets, radar RBE 2 provides accurate navigation in the air at high and low altitude, searching and tracking fixed and mobile targets, ranging up to them, as well as flight from rounding terrain. In the latter case, the radar "looks" forward to form a three-dimensional image on the display of relief that must be overcome. Thus, the electronic scanning system plays a role in enhancing the operational safety of aircraft in flight at low altitude at high speed.

The open architecture of the station RBE 2 has a significant potential for further improvement. For example, on airplanes, "Rafale" standard F3 is supposed to introduce synthetic aperture mode, which will receive a digital map of the area with high resolution. On this map, regardless of the weather and time of day, you can see goals and determine their exact position.

Flight tests of the radar with synthetic aperture mode already underway on a flying laboratory.After his qualification tests involve the fighters 'Rafale' in 2006, anti-operations require their nature, so radar RBE 2 will be enhanced to detect and track surface targets, even with great excitement.

RBE radar 2, operating in synthetic aperture mode, has excellent opportunities, as evidenced here driven a photograph taken from the screen locator. With these images of weapons systems operator can easily identify ground targets.

First, the search mode surface targets will be used on airplanes standard F2, and F3 standard aircraft is able to use anti-ship missiles.

Complements the work of optoelectronic radar complex consisting of three systems: the previously mentioned systems FSO, pod with laser designator pod and DAMOCLES with intelligence equipment, a new generation of POD RECO NG. Sensors installed on the FSO system to the frontal nose cone glass cockpit crew, with their help ensures continuous forward view. FSO system is passive, ie it does not work unmasks the fighter, allowing you to seamlessly detect and identify enemy aircraft, even without using radar. Acting in a range of different lengths of infrared waves and having a wide viewing angle, the system can search FSO air and ground targets at a greater distance. It consists of two modules (heat sensor and camera that can operate in low light conditions) associated with a laser rangefinder, functions detect and track a large number of objectives assumes thermal sensor mounted on the right, and the identification of targets and the definition of the distance from her television -laser module, located on the left.FSO system passed rigorous testing on the flying laboratory Dassault Aviación "Falcon" 20, for the experienced fighter, "Rafale" M02 and B01 and the production aircraft V301 V302 and.Nevertheless, it will become the standard only on the aircraft standard F2.

Laser designator DAMOCLES, developed by "Thales", is a new generation of such systems. He is able to provide the management of existing and future aviation high-precision weapons, such as BAC GBU-12 "Peyvuey" laser-guided and KAB equipped with a set of control AASM. Pointer is located in a suspended container, and all together weigh 250 kg. It is a further development of laser target designators ATLIS (used on fighter "Jaguar" and "Super Etandar") and PDL-CT and PDL-CTS (used on aircraft "Mirage» 2000D). The system DAMOCLES use new sensors and laser technology, allowing to identify targets at greater distances. This, in turn, makes it possible to reset the CBA with a significantly greater heights and at a distance, which eliminates the threat of anti-aircraft short-and medium-range missiles. Pointer has two fields of view: wide x 4 ° and 3 ° x 1 ° narrow 0,5 °. A container installed a laser range finder (working wavelength 1 micron) are fully compliant with NATO STANAG 3733 (1.06 microns), and laser spot tracking system (1.06 microns). It has high resolution, so it can be used for intelligence purposes and to assess the impact of bombing.

DAMOCLES designator is simple to operate and costs less than similar systems, which were issued earlier. Its design can withstand high impact forces at landing a fighter on the deck of an aircraft carrier. In the period 2001-2002. it is tested on the fighters "Mirage" and 2000-9 "Super Etandar" and in 2003 began testing it on airplanes, "Rafale". DAMOCLES system will be part of the equipment 30 fighters "Mirage" 2000-9, bought the UAE Air Force, as well as 33 aircraft "Mirage" in 2000, previously acquired and renovated in 2000-9 version. In 2010, the fighter, "Rafale" can get a hanging container with opto-electronic target designation system JOANNA, produced jointly by France and Britain. This system can also be used for navigation. Her flight tests scheduled to begin before the end of 2005

For aerial reconnaissance on the destroyer "Rafale" will be used pod POD RECO NG, designed by the company "Thales". It is also planned to be installed on fighter-bombers "Mirage» 2000N.Characteristics of the system are secret, but we know that it will take images of distant objects with high resolution. In order to improve the efficiency of sensors installed in the container, operate in different wavelengths, and to improve the quality of the images obtained using digital processing. The container has a data transfer system in real time. The necessary information can be read from the pilot helmet sight indicator. Supposed to buy 23 container POD RECO NG (15 for the Air Force and Navy for eight).

Used on the fighter, "Rafale" interface "man-machine" can significantly facilitate the work of the pilot. He is constantly being improved, and the fighters standard F3 to better ensure the pilot information about the air situation with helmet-mounted sight, the indicator will be used by DCS VTAS. For its development began in the early 1990s. Flight testing of the system VTAS first performed on trainer aircraft Dassault Aviación - Dornier "Alpha Jet" fighters and "Mirage» III, later it was working off the "Rafale". Particular attention was paid to speech recognition, since, depending on flight mode (speed, elevation, transfer) the background noise in the cabin changes.Stressful situations also affect the voice pilot. Specialists of the company, "Dasso Aviación" and "Tales" had to work hard to deal with these problems. Now according to the customer system VTAS can be delivered with a vocabulary of 90 to 300 words. Coefficient of speech recognition brought to 95%, and reaction time control systems - up to 200 ms. The system also serves as assistant VTAS pilots in emergency situations.

An important element of the avionics is a helmet sight indicator. The firm "Sextant" developed for "Rafal" system "Top site", integrated with an oxygen mask. This was a complex construction, which due to technical problems and lack of funding to bring "to the mind" was not possible.Therefore the management of the French Air Force was engaged in serious alternatives. In the end, the struggle was between the Israeli company "Elbit", proposed a variant of helmet systems JHMCS, and by "Tales" (which included the company "Sextant"), which developed the system of "E Topsites." Before the developers were given the task to ensure the withdrawal of flight and navigation information to ensure the helmet and display sighting in a wide range of bearings. With the helmet sight of the indicator becomes a reality, "shooting over his shoulder." The competition has won the French firm. Its system of "Topsites E" will first be introduced to the fighters "Mirage" 2000-5F, and in 2008 it will on the aircraft "Rafale" standard F3. The system "Topsites E" can be integrated with different flight helmets, including the lightweight helmet designed by «CGF-Halle" and recently ordered to the ground and shipborne fighter "Rafale".

There are still critics who believe in inappropriate purchases a large number of doubles, "Rafal", considering that the interface is "man - machine" of the flawed fighter. Advocates of "Rafale" claim that the plane used by a wide-angle HUD, multi-color displays with touch-control and other systems make it possible for an airplane cockpit, which is unique. Double fighters 'Rafale' B and N will perform new tasks, which previously could not be considered. They can be used as flying command posts for complex operations or impact of command and control combat drones (BBS) such as UCAV. The operator, sitting in the rear cockpit, will process the received intelligence information and make a final decision, and the pilot will only fly a plane. Sharing of manned and unmanned aircraft will become apparent, particularly in circumstances where for the conquest of the air to destroy enemy air defense system.

"Rafale" is equipped with two inertial navigation systems, such as "Spark" with ring laser gyroscopes and satellite-based GPS, which provide a fully autonomous navigation. Therefore, for the flight does not require ground-based navigation tips, which can be easily destroyed. Built on the open architecture navigation system receives information from different sources: a GPS, air data measurement system and radar altimeter that tracks the terrain. The fighter has a highly complex REP "Spectra." With its creation, take account of advances in air defense and electronic warfare, as well as the ability to install on the fighters more effective fire control systems. Carried out jointly develop a set of company "Thales", and concern MBDA. All of its electronic systems are placed inside the aircraft, use of external hardpoints are required. Complex "spectrum" provides for detection of electromagnetic radiation, warns of laser irradiation and the approximation of guided missile (using a passive infrared detection), and also provides countermeasure and passive jamming in the form of chaff and heat traps. The complex consists of four different systems and sensors to help ensure the control of the surrounding air space at an azimuth of 360 °.

The latest advances in microelectronics have allowed a very light and compact system, significantly less energy-intensive and low-cost capacity for cooling. Thanks to modern digital technology, the system of "spectrum" can be in passive mode to detect targets at long range, to identify them and assess the degree of threat. The pilot, based on information received, can immediately take protective steps: turn the system on ECM, perform shooting chaff or heat traps or vigorous maneuvers to avoid threats. Technical data "Spectra" secret, however it is known that it accurately in terms of powerful electromagnetic fields indicates the direction of the potential threat and quickly identifies it. The complex "spectrum" includes high-performance processor in whose memory the accumulated data for different purposes. Thus, on board the "Rafale" is formed by a large database, using which the pilot does not need to have regular contact with external radio and electronic intelligence. In the course of further improvement of the "spectrum" of possible appearance of channels of data exchange, resulting in two fighter "Rafale" are the method of triangulation to within a meter to determine the coordinates of the potential threat. It should also be noted that the "spectrum" can be reprogrammed in flight.

In recent years sharply increased the threat from man-portable air defense systems. Therefore, the fighter uses a system of sensors, warning of laser irradiation. These sensors are located on both sides of the nose cone and rear fuselage, providing all-round view. It is obligatory on the availability of aircraft sensors, warning of

approaching missiles with thermal homing. Incoming missile can be detected at great distances from the heat trace of the engine, with no need to use radar detection tools that can unmask "Rafale". In self-defense can be used heat traps or opto-electronic decoys. For shooting at an airplane, there are four devices.

Complex "spectrum" is not just a traditional means of self-defense. It is closely related to radar system RBE 2 and FSO. Thus, significantly improves pilot's warning about the tactical situation in the surrounding area: Signals

from all the sensors form a single picture, which helps the pilot to assess the situation. On the tactical display color in the cockpit on the basis of data from complex "spectrum" shows map of the area indicating the hazardous area, which the pilot should be avoided.

Flight tests of the complex "spectrum" on plane "Rafale" began in September 1996 under its installation was converted first carrier-based fighter pilot M02. Since then, the complex was tested under different scenarios of electronic warfare. For example, in April 2000, "Rafale" M02 participated in NATO exercises, "Mays X» in the south-western France. These exercises involved various air defense systems, including SAM "Krotal» NG and "Aspiks" Danish advanced SAM "Hawk Formulations", the Danish army's air defense system from low-flying aircraft DALLADS, Norwegian advanced air defense system NASAMS, as well as appeared in the West the Soviet air defense system 9M331 "Thor" and 9KZZ "Wasp." The aircraft "Rafale" M02 without any problems fulfilled all its objectives.

Currently, the system of "spectrum" of mass-produced and put into service. It has great potential in its development. Its members will include a target towed radar and laser system designed to destroy approaching missiles with thermal homing head. Engineers companies "Dassault Aviación" and "Tales" confident that "spectrum" is now able to protect aircraft from existing threats and those that may occur in the near future. Therefore, an improved version of the system need not be soon.

"Rafale" in an advanced radio communication equipment, which consists of four systems: one operates in the VHF / UHF, the other provides a classification of VHF communications system and two data channels that are integrated with the terminal multifunctional information distribution system, "Link 16". In modern air combat success is determined by the availability of the necessary information and knowledge of the tactical situation.

In the future, will become a key concept of "network-centric warfare", where all our money, up to every soldier, tied in a single data network with access to a central command post. With the help of advanced technologies will be established global military information system - "infosphere" - which allow to control and combat operations as quickly as possible to share tactical information.As a result of the armed forces will act in the same "battle space".

Since the inception of "Rafale" it laid the ability to exchange tactical information. For this purpose, it uses the corresponding system of "Link 16", which can be used by the armed forces of France and potential customers of other NATO countries. This system was created jointly by specialists from France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United States. It turned out a light (it weighs only 29 unit kg) and capable of transmit and receive data at 200 Kbytes / sec. With the help of the "Link 16" each fighter "Rafale" will have access to the data obtained by other aircraft (including AWACS aircraft) and ground-based observations. This system will radically change the strategy of air warfare, as it allows the fighter at the expense of data exchange for sneaking up to the target and attack it.

In designing the "Link 16" have been widely used digital technology. The Europeans, along with our American partners have created a very easy and reliable system, which includes a tactical navigation system TACAN. The system has two antennas, providing all-round view. Tests of this system, first held at the flying laboratory, "Falcon" fighter aircraft 20 and "Mirage" in 2000, then installed it on the "Rafale", which was carried on board the successful exchange of information with ground-based simulator NW. During the exercises in the summer of 2001, two fighter "Rafale", equipped with a system of "Link 16" successfully interacted with deck AWACS aircraft Northrop Grumman E-2C "Hawkeye" on which stood the American system of JTIDS.

The first production set of "Link 16" was set to "Rafale" in 2003, it will go into full operation on the aircraft standard F2. In the future, this complex will be connected to a satellite communications system, which will significantly improve the quality of information sharing. For countries not members of NATO, "Dasso Aviación" and "Tales" have developed a system for data transmission LX-UHF. This system for their "Mirage" 2000 chose two unnamed customer.According to their parameters is comparable with the system, "Link 16".

In 1999, the company "Thales" announced that in order to increase the export potential of the fighter, "Rafale" it will be offered on the international market with radar RBE 2 AFAR. Despite the fact that the radar RBE 2 already surpassed the characteristics of the old radars with mechanical scanning, fully unfold its potential in the future. Work on the AFAR company "Thales" began in the 1990s and has made great progress in this area. It works on a number of programs, which are AFAR for land, sea and air carriers. These studies are being conducted in parallel with the European program a multi-mode solid-state AFAR AMSAR, which could eventually be installed on a fighter, "Rafale" and "Typhoon" during routine maintenance. Tests on AFAR "Rafale" began in April 2003

New AFAR, which are going to integrate into the design of radar RBE 2AA, consists of 1000 solid-AMP, using gallium arsenide. Using them will increase the radiated power and target detection range, increase the reliability of the antenna. In case of refusal the receiver or transmitter, most radars useless. The failure of several PPM AFAR at virtually no effect on its mode of operation. Reception and initial processing of the reflected signals is carried out in each module that allows you to scan the space in a wide range of very high speed. The new antenna will increase the angular aperture station RBE 2AA to +70 ° (in radar with a passive antenna aperture is ± 60 °), and range will increase by at least 50%.

The open architecture of the station RBE 2 allows its further development. The new antenna will be completely interchangeable, and when it is installed does not require changes to the processors. Require only minor software changes and some improvements in the circuit. AFAR will be in operation in 2006, and although the decision has yet been taken, then the armed forces of France will pass on this technology.

Armament

Fighter "Rafale" is very effective medium for weapons, for its location, there are 14 (a variant for the Air Force) and 13 (on deck version) external hardpoints. The company "Dassault Aviación" emphasizes that the aircraft can carry a combat payload up to 9,500 kg. It was noted earlier that the five external nodes are "wet", ie designed to be installed PTB.

The main weapon of class "air - air" to "Rafale" is a rocket, "Mika", developed jointly by "Maitre" and "BAE Dynamics" (now part of the group raketostroitelnogo MBDA). The missile has a launch weight of 112 kg and can hit targets at close quarters and beyond visual range. Rocket "Mika" is highly maneuverable, with a motor with thrust vectoring, advanced and high-tail control surfaces, it is capable of performing the evolution of congestion 50. In The fighter weapon "Rafale" includes two versions of the rocket: "Mika" EM with active radar guidance system and "Mika» IR with a thermal imaging seeker. Both options have the same design, same motor and warhead, the only difference - different guidance systems.

Rocket "Mika" EM, equipped with active radar guidance system, after starting their own flies to the target, and a fighter at that time quickly goes away from the area where it can be detected and attacked by the enemy. With such missiles, the pilot can simultaneously attack multiple air targets.During testing, one fighter successfully hit two targets at once. Rocket "Mika" EM is currently in service with fighter "Mirage" 2000-5, members of the Air Force of Taiwan and Qatar, it will also be installed on the aircraft, "Mirage" 2000-9 Air Force United Arab Emirates.

SD "Mika» IR missile is intended to replace close air combat "DiorSnow Pure" 2, also equipped with a heat seeker. The missile will be installed on the fighters, "Rafale" version of the F2. Thermal imaging guidance system has several advantages. First, a missile with such a system can not be detected because it does not emit electromagnetic pulses. Secondly, it has a good angular resolution, which ensures high accuracy of hitting the target. With the helmet sight "Topsites" E missile can be directed to the objectives, flying a parallel course.

However, the missile "Mika" is not an exceptional fighter weapon "Rafale". The appearance of SD of class "air - air" medium-range (U.S. AIM-120 AMRAAM and Russian R-77) led the Ministry of Defence of France to reconsider its strategy and to explore the possibility of such missiles on the fighter. In June 1999, during the Paris Air and Space exhibition has information on the possible accession of France to the development of a European missile "Meteor," designed for fighter aircraft Eurofighter "Typhoon". Rocket "Meteor" is created within the program BVRAAM, providing missiles to develop "air - air", capable of hitting targets beyond visual range. At one time the rival was the American missile Raytheon FMRAAM, which is a variant of the AIM-120 missiles.

Participation of French armed forces in armed conflict in Kosovo was to show how the bombing equipment applicable in future wars. To neutralize the important goals of their own with minimal losses are increasing role played by precision-guided ("smart") weapons. Therefore, these weapons will be part fighter weapon "Rafale". It is a tactical KR MBDA «Apache" and SCALP EG. Rocket "Apache", equipped with a cassette warhead, designed to destroy runways. With it you will quickly provide air superiority. Rocket "Apache" has a low thermal and radar visibility, which allows it to easily hide in the folds of the terrain. As part of its warhead is composed of 10 sub-munitions "Chris," which can shoot sideways and vertically downwards.

SCALP EG cruise missile has greater range and is equipped with a powerful penetrating warhead that can destroy underground structures. After starting the plane on their own CD SCALP EG is flying to the target, using satellite-based GPS navigation and tracking system for relief. On the final trajectory begins to act passive thermal imaging guidance system. In the on-board computer to launch the rocket lays digital images of the intended target and the surrounding areas. During the flight are compared with the actual virtual image, to achieve high hit accuracy. French Ministry of Defense plans to buy 500 missiles SCALP EG (450 for the Air Force and 50 for IUD).However, the high cost of missiles can reduce the volume of purchases.

In the late 1990s, France started to develop low-cost modular set AASM, designed for installation in conventional air attack class "air-surface" in order to improve the accuracy of hits.AASM kit provides all-weather weapons, is composed of inertial-satellite navigation and guidance tools in the terminal phase of flight. As announced by the French Ministry of Defence competition was attended by 31 firms, which initially selected the three - "Aerospatiale Matra-',' Matra / BAE Dynamics" and "Sagem". In September 2000 the company "Sagem" was declared the winner and awarded a contract to supply the Air Force and Navy 3000 sets AASM, the first of which should be delivered in 2005

The first set is for AASM bombs caliber 250 kg (similar to American bombs Mk.82), were subsequently developed other options packages, including missile-equipped engine. With the kit AASM, which has rocket, ammunition, thrown from a height of 13 700 m, can perform controlled flight at a distance of 60 km with an accuracy of about 1 m. The contact

Fighter "Rafale", compliant F3, will carry a wide range of weapons grade "air-surface". As an example, a promising anti-ship missiles ANF, intended to replace missile AM-39, "Exocet". This rocket, ramjet-equipped, capable of flying at supersonic speeds (M = 2.5) at a great distance. In the missile control system uses the principle of "fire and forget". Its powerful warhead is capable of punching body of any ship, and high-speed system will address the ship's air defenses. Rocket ANF is the first member of a family of new multipurpose supersonic missiles that are created based on the results of the research program VESTA, in which perfected aerodynamics and propulsion system for future missiles. VESTA program began in 1996 and in 2002 was made the first test launches of advanced missiles from a ground installation. This program should also help to reduce technical risk by creating rockets ANF and help them to technologies that can reduce the financial costs. In 2008-2010. plan to launch a missile launch from an aircraft.

Future air missile "air-surface" of the medium-range ASMP-A, capable of carrying a nuclear warhead, also uses the results of the program VESTA. The new missile will replace the previously created a missile ASMP, the bearers of which are fighters "Mirage» 2000N French Air Force and Navy Fighter 'Super Etandar. " By construction, ASMP-A missile is practically no different from its predecessor, but features a more powerful liquid ramjet new generation. Due to the increased time the engine failed to significantly increase range by selecting with the optimal trajectory. By missile research ASMP-A began in 1996 and in 2000 started its direct design.Initial operational readiness rocket is scheduled for 2008, and carriers will be fighters, "Rafale" and "Mirage» 2000N.

The company has developed for the aircraft GIAT new gun 30 M 791. This is the world's only a single-30mm gun has a rate of 2500 rounds per minute. Guns were designed for 30-mm shells have high penetrating power and incendiary properties. Projectile from the gun flies at a speed of 1025 m / sec. Bay with a gun, weighing 120 kg, is integrated into the design of the right air intake.All versions of a fighter, "Rafale" stores are designed for 125 rounds, with every half-second shooting fired 21 round. Effective range of air target is 1,500 m. The missile jamming special pyrotechnic device performs its release. On a double deck destroyer gun can be removed, but instead installed additional electronic equipment.

Mass production

In December 1998, at the factory by "Dassault Aviación" in Merignac Bordeaux in southwest France, held a ceremony of handing the customer the first production fighter "Rafale". It was a double version of the "Rafale" B (V301), designed for the Air Force. In July 1999 the French Navy received the first deck "Rafale" by M. Initial production rates were very low. In 2001 it was delivered only six cars. By October of 2002 came into service only 13 fighters "Rafale", compliant F1 (two-in option B and option C, one in the Air Force and 10 in the form of M for CPA). In mass production involved four plants the company "Dassault Aviación": the fuselage assembly is carried out in Arzhanteye, the wing - in Martinyase, vertical stabilizer - in Biarritz, and the general assembly in Merignac Bordeaux.

Originally planned to build 250 fighter aircraft for the Air Force, then this number was reduced to 234, including 95 singles and 139 doubles. This proportion was based on operating experience double fighters "Mirage» 2000N and D. Navy Command initially wanted to buy 86 single-seat fighters "Rafale" M, but the reduction in defense budget forced to reduce purchases of up to 60 aircraft. This number included twin variants "Rafal» N (previously had the designation BM).Supplies are distributed as follows: 25 single and 35 double.

It was assumed that the first airplane, "Rafal» N rise into the air in 2005, and deliveries will start on arms in 2007, however, because of the aforementioned reductions in military spending the beginning of flight tests of the plane was moved to 2006, and to Adopt the 2008-2009. If in the future nothing will not change, the delivery of 294 fighters "Rafale" to be completed by 2020

In order to reduce costs on R & D and procurement, as well as reduce the technical risk and the Ministry of Defence of France, "Dasso Aviación" developed a phased approach to the supply of aircraft. The first three fighter for the Air Force (single and double C101 V301 V302 and) and a dozen deck cars (M1-M10) were constructed in accordance with standard F1. This means that the fighters could only be used as an interceptor and a part of their armament consisted of SD of class "air - air '" Mika "EM homing with radar and" DiorSnow Pure "2. These aircraft had no radar RBE2 with the electronic scanning to ensure the destruction of ground targets. Fighters 'Rafale' M were accepted for service in 2000, in May 2001 of them were formed first aircraft carrier air wing 12F, stationed at a base in Landivisiau.

Fighters "Rafale" V301, V302, and M1 were subsequently transferred to the test center in Istria, where they were used for the upcoming transfer of aircraft in the standard F2. True, the plane of M1 in 2002, half the time was in Landivisiau as part of its wing. Aircraft that conform to F2, could no longer carry tactical cruise missiles, SCALP EG and CRR, equipped with a set of guided AASM, that is, they can already be used to attack operations. Fighters have a standard F2 FSO passive system and distribution system, tactical information, "Link-16", and BRLSRchVE2-operation at ground targets. In memory of the onboard computer introduced a digital database of local three-dimensional images, allowing you to fly at low altitude in the mode of rounding terrestrial obstacles. Instead of missiles "DiorSnow Pure" 2 aircraft missiles began to receive "Mika» IR with a thermal imaging guidance system. Carrier-based fighter will be equipped with a standard F2 outboard device to transfer fuel to other aircraft. At the end of January 2001 signed a contract to supply 48 fighters standard F2, including 33 vehicles for the Air Force and Navy for 15. The first aircraft was delivered in 2004, The formation of first squadron of fighters advanced to be completed at the end of 2005 since 2008 for service will receive the fighters that conform to F3 (198 aircraft "Rafale" B and C, and 35 deck fighters "Rafal "M and N). Produced by this standard aircraft will be a truly multi-functional. In addition to combat air and ground targets, the fighters will be able to carry out anti-operations (using PCR, "Exocet" or ANF), scout (this will be used pod POD RECO NG) and used as a refueling aircraft. In the standard armament of aircraft F3 enters nuclear missile ASMP-A. Intended for installation on the fighter system in-flight fuel transfer will be better than the machines used in the standard F2. Navy Fighter "Rafale" F3 standard will replace the outdated machinery "Super Etandar." It should be noted that the "Super Etandary" already armed with antiship missiles, "Exocet" and some are equipped with reconnaissance pod equipment. Nevertheless, the possibility of "Rafal" will be far higher. Recently reconnaissance booming aviation equipment, the new system POD RECO NG will further expand the capabilities of reconnaissance. This system will be installed on the "Rafale" in 2008 (from 2005 to begin decommissioning weapons reconnaissance aircraft "Mirage» F1CR).

In order to standardize the fighter fleet over time, all the fighters, built by the standards of F1 and F2, will be upgraded to version F3. There is talk that in the future you may receive the standard fighter of F4, which is among the most advanced aircraft "Rafale". It is not excluded that it will be armed with supersonic SD class "air - air" long range "Meteor", and is equipped with radar RBE2 AFAR, engine M88-3 and KTB. All of the above is intended for export until the fighter variants.

I should say that at first glance, the experienced and production aircraft "Rafale" are the same. But it is not, between them there are significant differences. For example, the mass-produced cars with upgraded landing gear, as their take-off weight greater than that experienced. If the experimental aircraft was allowed to take off with a mass less than 19500 kg, the serial could initially be operated with a maximum takeoff weight of 24500 kg and 26000 kg then. For a relatively small fighter jet, these figures are impressive. In addition, serial specimens have a reduced thermal signature.

Fighters "Rafale" created in accordance with the requirements of the Air Force and French Navy.However, their design can be improved, resulting in aircraft may enter the export market. Firms' Dassault Aviación "," Thales ", and SNECMA began in 2001 to work on the program code-named" Operation Mk.2. " It provides for the introduction of improved systems that will satisfy the discerning international customers. Installation of such systems should be financed by the customer. This will be specified in the contract between the buyer and the French government. As in the case of fighters, "Rafal", coming in at the French armed air force and navy, with a gradual transition from one standard to another, and for the export of machinery provided for something like that. These aircraft will be different modifications, called "blocks." The sequence of "blocks" as follows:

Block 05              

The system of FSO. KTB (optional) Automatic rounding terrain using a three-dimensional digital database. BAC GBU-12 "Peyvuey» II laser-guided bombs Mk.82 Tactical KR UR SCALP class "air - air '" Mika »IR Tactical Information Sharing System

Block 10              

M88-3 turbofans. RBE2 with AFAR radar and synthetic aperture modes and flight support in follow mode terrain helmet sight indicator SD "Mika» IR with the ability to hit targets beyond visual range precision-guided AASM complex RCC "Exocet". Suspended container with intelligence equipment POD RECO NG fueling system in flight.

Block 15               

SD of class "air - air 'long range. "Meteor", a new generation of avionics

Some work in this direction are already underway. For example, in 2000 the company "Dassault Aviación" has tested the aircraft, armed with GBU-12 KAB. On the ground in Cazaux made several releases of the bombs with a pilot two-seat fighter, "Rafale" B01. BAC GBU-12 are the Air Force around the world, in France they are equipped with fighter-bombers "Mirage» F1CT, «Mirage» 2000D and "Super Etandar."

A typical configuration of the aircraft was as follows: four BAC GBU-12 on two underwing paired holders, four rockets "Mick" and two "DiorSnow Pure" 2 and three drop tanks with a capacity of 2,000 liters. With such weapons, "Rafale" has a high firepower, and PTB can bring to the combat radius of 1480 km. In this embodiment, "Rafale" can be used effectively as a fighter escort. It is assumed that the "Rafale" can carry GBU-BAC .22 and 227 kg GBU-24 "Peyvuey» III caliber of 910 kg. According to unconfirmed rumors the U.S. firm, "Raytheon" offers to buy the French SD class "air - air" short-range AIM-9X «Sidewinder." It is not excluded that the missile will increase the export potential of the "Rafale".

By mid-2005 was funded by the purchase of three lots of fighters: the first batch of 13 aircraft standard F1 (10 deck fighters "Rafale" M, 1 - "Rafale" C and 2 - "Rafale" B), all aircraft delivered, the second batch of 48 aircraft standard F2 (16 - "Rafale" M, 25 - "Rafale" B and 7 - "Rafale" C), the contract was signed in January

2000, deliveries are calculated to 2007, the third batch of 59 aircraft standard F3 (12 - "Rafale" M, 11 - "Rafale" B and 36 - "Rafale" C), the contract signed in December 2004, deliveries will be implemented in 2008-2012. France actively promoted the "Rafale" in different countries (Greece, India, Netherlands, Norway, Thailand, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Singapore).However, no single export order is not received.