Finalize the adoption type of fighter

EF-2000 "Typhoon" TRANCHE 2 "

The consortium Eurofighter and the NATO program management design, manufacture and service of fighters Eurofighter and Tornado "(NETMA) completed the adoption of the aircraft type EF-2000" block-8 "Typhoon" Tranche-2. Conclusion of an agreement allows you to start delivery of aircraft to customers.
Delivery of aircraft of Tranche-1 "for the Air Force of four states participating in the summer of 2003. In the spring of 2004, the first fighter EF-2000 Typhoon been formally accepted into service. Now put 148 fighters EF-2000 Typhoon "Tranche-1. Concluded two export contract to supply aircraft EF-2000 in Austria and Saudi Arabia.
Initially, until 2015, the consortium Eurofighter had planned to put in three tranches from 148, 236 and 236 units. (Total 620 aircraft EF-2000 "Typhoon") for the four States Parties (232 - UK 180 - Germany 121 - Italy 87 - Spain). In 2002 the consortium signed the first export contract with the Austrian Government for the supply of 18 fighters modification "Tranche B-2" in the amount of 1.95 billion euros (2.55 billion dollars). However, in June 2007 the Austrian Ministry of Defense and the Eurofighter have agreed to reduce the number of aircraft ordered, from 18 to 15. modification and change to "Tranche 2" to "Tranche B-1. Given the contract to supply 72 fighter Saudi Arabia, by far the program EF-2000 Typhoon includes the manufacture of 707 aircraft for 6 clients.
Agreement on the manufacture and supply aircraft of Tranche 2 was signed by participating countries of the program on Dec. 14, 2004. The first aircraft of this version took off on Jan. 16, 2008 at the EADS plant in Manchinge.
According to the Eurofighter, now on the assembly lines, the consortium members in various stages of readiness has about 60 aircraft of Tranche 2. Following the Agency NETMA supplied aircraft of this version will take and certify each of the states participating in the project. The first test flights prior to acceptance into service of aircraft have already begun this summer.
Aircraft standard "Tranche 2" differs from "Tranche 1" a new onboard computer, reinforced chassis, an enhanced package of avionics, advanced weapons systems air-to-surface missiles. 
Proposals for the manufacture of aircraft of Tranche-3 has already presented the participating countries and the Agency NETMA. As expected, the agreement on production of 236 aircraft under the "Tranche 3" will be signed in late 2008 - early 2009. In this case, the first fighter version of the "Tranche 3" will be produced in 2013. As expected, "Typhoon" Tranche 3 "will have conformal fuel tanks, engine with increased thrust, an upgraded on-board computer, a package of new software, as well as the radar with a phased antenna array.

/ ARMS-TASS /
 

Going to the XXI Century
Ivan Kudishin, "Aerospace"

In the early 1980's. Air Force of the European countries there was an uneasy situation: the fighters of the first and second generation, in many reports on arms in 1950-1960-ies. and formed the basis of the fleet, obsolete and outdated. In particular, the Luftwaffe demanded the replacement aircraft Lockheed F-104 Starfighter and Dutlas McDonnell F-4F «Phantom" in UK - F-4 and you "Lightning" in Italian - Lockheed F-104S and G-Fiat 91. U.S., last carried out in Europe, active expansion in the supply of air weapons, have become heavily advertise its new aircraft, in particular General Daynemiks F-16. But European countries with a developed aviation industry did not suit the purchase of planes manufactured in the United States, in particular, due to the fall of national prestige, as well as unwillingness to lose jobs in such high-tech industries such as aeronautics. In addition, the U.S. Air Force requirements differ from European, where needed, primarily in the aircraft defense, while the Americans were offering a fighter focused largely on the solution of shock problems and unable to bear the SD class air - air medium-range missiles. In these circumstances, European nations have stepped up research on combat aircraft of its own design. In particular, in the UK have begun work on the fighter with the index of P-106, which was supposed to have an aerodynamic canard, delta wing and one engine. Estimated rate corresponded to M = 1,8, take-off weight approaching 10 tons, and the length of run and run should be 400 meters Armament aircraft P-106 included two rocket Skayflesh "In addition, provisions and weapons to attack ground targets. However, the firm BAE, proponent of P-106 in 1981, turned down the program, as the RAF give priority to research in the development of new aircraft VTOL aircraft.
In Germany, the firm Dornier DHS and at the same time doing research image planes for the Luftwaffe, is conceptually similar project P-106. VAM has developed a preliminary design fighter TKF, performed on a "duck", the firm offers options Dornier fighter scheme "tailless and normal aerodynamic scheme. The most promising was the project on a "tailless» ND102, work on which were conducted jointly with the firm Northrop (USA).
France is imminent on the characteristics of the aircraft involved in the firm Dassault-Breguet. In 1983 at the Paris air show demonstrated the design of the aircraft, was named the ACA. He was executed on a "duck", as the propulsion engine selected two General Electric F-404. Planned to create a land and carrier-based options.
All of the above projects have much in common: aircraft targeted primarily at maintaining the struggle for air superiority and provide air defense, is relatively simple, inexpensive, low take-off weight, high tyagovooruhennostyu, the possibility of using missiles, air - air medium-range short takeoff and landing.
In 1981, firms in the A e (UK), MBB (FRG) and Aeritaliya (Italy), joined forces, as well as tried and tested theoretical and technical solutions to create a single combat aircraft that could replace aging vehicles in the Air Force in these three countries. A year later, in September 1982, at the air show in Farnborough, was presented to the layout of their joint "child" - a fighter, designated ACA (Agile Combat Aircraft - highly maneuverable fighter plane). It was planned that from 1989 it should be replaced in the serial production of aircraft Panaview Tornadoes. It is anticipated that construction of a fighter, designed for flight speed of M = 2, it would be very simple, but in a maneuvering fight on the horizontal surpass the majority of existing cars in its class.
In order to reduce the cost of research and development intended to equip some of the ASA units, units and systems from aircraft, Tornado (in particular, engines Turbo Unión RB199 thrust of 8,800 kg, which would provide thrust-weight ratio 1.2).
In 1983, work on the European fighter to have reached a qualitatively new level: December 16, Chiefs of Staff of the Luftwaffe, Britain, France, Italy and Spain came to an agreement on the basic requirements for new aircraft, named originally FEFA (Future European Fighter Aircraft - prospective European aircraft fighter). Subsequently, the acronym has been replaced by the EFA, a consortium Eurofighter, with its headquarters in Munich. It includes firm DASA (Germany), BAE (UK), Alenia (Italy), Dassault-Breguet (France) and SASA (Spain).
Tactical and technical requirements for the projected aircraft included its main purpose as an interceptor with the ability to strike ground targets. To achieve a high horizontal and vertical maneuverability both at subsonic and at supersonic speeds provided for a relatively small load on the wing, a high degree of static instability and the thrust-weight ratio greater than 1.
The image of the fighter EFA began in July 1984 and be completed by September 1986 was agreed to build a single statically unstable aircraft on a "duck" with tselnopovorotnym GTO, equipped with FBWCS. The power plant would consist of two turbofans. Novelty was the use of so-called "smiley" podfyueelyazhnogo unregulated air intake, provides as compared with air rectangular lower ESR. The adopted aerodynamic configuration, combined with a statically unstable arrangement and FBWCS, according to calculations, was to ensure the growth of lift at 30% and reduce drag by 35%.
One of the main requirements for new aircraft was to achieve a high angular velocity reversal at subsonic and supersonic speeds, as well as the presence of a large reserve of thrust during flight at cruising.
EFA aircraft had to have the ability to conduct missile battle in small and medium distances with the possibility to strike ground targets. At the same time, guided by the experience of local wars1960-80-ies., it was decided to significantly increase the number of missiles on board. Also provided for setting the gun for melee.
For the first time in the practice of the European aerospace plane to EFA has been applied, albeit in a very limited scale, the technology of "Stella." Decrease vulnerability to promote the development of combat system EW. For this aircraft was designed system DASS (Defense Aids Sub System), designed to reduce the probability of hitting an aircraft missiles earth - the air in a high saturation of air defenses inherent in the European theater.
In developing the fighter had been given equal priority to the achievement of high LTH, autonomy under combat conditions, reduce vulnerabilities, improve reliability and repair of technology, as well as lower life-cycle cost. Requirements and standards used for the creation of a new aircraft, were significantly higher than for creating aircraft such as Tornado », F-15, F-16 and F/A-18.
Yet at the stage of appearance of fighter EFA between countries - participants of the project there was disagreement of principle. The French side believed that the plane should have a somewhat smaller mass of the glider, as it was supposed to use it in both onshore and in the deck form. In September 1985, the French came out of the consortium and began developing its own program of Rafale. After this event, the share of member countries redistributed as follows: Germany and Britain - by 33% (planned purchase of 250 aircraft), Italy - 21% (200 aircraft), and Spain - 13% (100 aircraft).
President of the consortium was a German K. Fishtmyuller, CEO - Englishman J. Villoks, and his deputy - a Spaniard V. Mejia.
To achieve high thrust-weight ratio EFA needed a new engine with a high thrust at low curb weight. Engaged in its development was created in 1986 by a consortium Evrodzhet, which included the British firm Rolls-Royce, the German MTU, the Italian Fiat and the Spanish Sener.The project received the name of the engine EJ200.
In the second half of 1980. interest in EFA revealed a number of small European countries: Belgium, Denmark, Holland and Norway. But in a warming of the international situation and a significant decrease in the probability of war in Europe, these countries have chosen to improve the fleet, were already in service, than not cheap to buy new planes.
The program was a challenge to EFA expansion of American art; obsessively trying to sell in Europe, its F-16 aircraft and the F/A-18, the Americans met with the determination of the Europeans to develop its own aircraft industry.
Significant promotion of the program EFA has been achieved through the plane - "technology demonstrator" EAR (Experimental Aircraft Program), development of which was conducted from 1983 to the British firm BAE. His trial began in 1986 and as EFA, EAP scheme was "duck", and its construction was a high percentage of units and details of the prospective Cabinet, in particular of carbon. To control statically unstable aircraft has been used digital FBWCS. In the cockpit instead of the usual electro-mechanical devices were MFDs on the CRT. On the EAR have been tested many of the technical solutions that are planned to apply later in the serial evroistrebitele.EAR has been an international project: the share of the UK was 76%, Germany - 7% and Italy - 17%.
In 1988 he was awarded a contract for engineering design and construction of fighter EFA.Compared with the EAR configuration aircraft has undergone several changes, in particular wing has a triangular, without a variable sweep on the leading edge with a sweep angle of 53 degrees.Was changed as the wing profile, the changes undergone cabin layout, increased glass area, and the review was better than any American aircraft. The percentage of CM in the airframe.
Changes in the geopolitical situation caused by the collapse of the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact, could not affect the parliaments of European countries. The former Soviet Union could not be considered as a source of serious threat. Consequently, the defense budget had been severely curtailed. The media began to express opinions that the program evroistrebitelya due to its high cost must be minimized. In Germany the case was aggravated by the fact that after the unification of West and East Germany in the Luftwaffe entered MiG-29 Soviet-made, according to their characteristics approaching, and in some ways superior to the future and EFA. The newspaper Social-democratic orientation expressed the opinion that would be more useful to leave the Eurofighter consortium and buy from Russia to repay its external debt further batch of MiG.Americans, however, anxious not to miss potential market again began to advertise heavily in Europe, its F-15 aircraft, F-16 and F/A-18. However, the management of the project managed to repulse this wave of attacks on EFA. In December 1992, a meeting of defense ministers of countries - participants of the consortium EFA. In its course adopted a memorandum on the important elements of political, military and economic approach in the creation of the new European fighter, which has been named the aircraft at the time of delivery of weapons RAF - 2000 and the Luftwaffe - 2002 Lifetime plane was determined 2000 to 2035 program received a new name - EF2000. Addressed the challenges of political and military nature, facing the consortium, such as the difficulty of mutual coordination of activities among member countries, the question of production - the organization of the final assembly at one or all of the participating countries. The first option more attractive in economic terms, the latter was not prejudicial to the interests and national prestige of the participating countries. The military dimension is reduced to the fact that the combat system, as far as whatever it is simple and cheap, can not be "considered successful if it can not be used to reflect the current threat, the collapse of ATS has become a much more multifactorial and less predictable." These changes were to be taken into account during further work on evroistrebitelyu. In addition, the participants of the project began funding constraints, forcing them to seek ways of reducing the project cost at 12-30%. Left intact airframe, cockpit and engines. Some easing the requirements for distance and duration of flight, as well as takeoff and landing characteristics. Major changes were made avionics: abandoned station optoelectronic front view, somewhat simplified radar, and now she may be accompanied by six goals at the same time instead of ten, as well as electronic warfare system. In addition, it was decided to abandon the protection of the aircraft from electromagnetic pulse, as recognized by nuclear war is too remote.
The revision of the program portfolio of orders Eurofighter consortium declined to 607 aircraft: 250 UK, 140 for Germany, 130 for Italy and 87 for Spain.

Work on the aircraft were divided as follows: BAE firm is responsible for assembling the forward fuselage and the PGO, the company MBB and Dornier - a central part of the fuselage and fin, the wing is produced jointly by firms CASA, BAE and Aeritaliya. Until the final assembly decided to hold parallel on four lines, one for all participating countries of the consortium at a rate of 10.7 aircraft per month.

March 27, 1994 on the test airfield near Munich firm DASA after an unfortunate delay caused by failure of the software onboard computer, the first flight prototype number 1 fighter EF2000, named DA1. In May, flew the second prototype, DA2, assembled in the UK. Prototypes of number 3 and 7 are collected in Italy, the prototype number 4 - double combat trainer aircraft - built in the UK. This is the first prototype with a full set of on-board weapons. Prototype number 5 will be assembled in Germany, for the first time you plan to install radar ECR 90, № 6 - in Spain. On the prototype number 3 should be installed four-channel FBWCS regular configuration. Due to the fact that her willingness delayed until February 1995, the first flight of the prototype was moved from the end of 1994 to March 1995 on the same airplane for the first time mounted engines Evrodzhet EJ2000 (the first two prototype feature TRDTSF Rolls-Royce RB199) . Flight test program of seven prototypes designed at 4500 hours, provides for a 4000 test flight. Fatigue testing will take 800 h, they planned in Germany, and static tests - in Spain. In addition to the seven prototypes of the program were involved, including the aircraft EAR, five demonstration aircraft and flying laboratory (LL), which were tested airframe, landing gear, engines, avionics and aircraft. For example, the radar is to be tested on the aircraft evroistrebitelya YOU 111. The use of flying laboratories resulted in savings of 850 million lbs.Art. and shorten the program for a year, and allowed no commercial risk to enter into contracts with subcontractors and with great accuracy to predict future aircraft LTH. R & D program EFA/EF2000 despite financial difficulties, never frozen. According to the management of the consortium, the program evroistrebitelya is in much better shape "than any R & D program at a similar stage. Prototypes of the aircraft being tested, fully finished blowing in wind tunnels, defined characteristics of EF2000.

According to German experts, fighter EF2000 in the configuration adopted for the German Air Force (no built-in thermal imaging system and the DASS), the combat capabilities gives the MiG-29M, in addition, a Russian fighter jet has higher LTH. German experts have recommended to extend the terms of the program EF2000, and to preserve the combat potential of the Air Force to purchase the "intermediate" the party of 36 fighters of alternative foreign production.

Share of German participation in the program EF2000 at the production stage proposed to reduce from 30-33 to 20%. However, this runs counter to the interests of the German MoD, insisted that the proportion was about 30% regardless of amount purchased for the flight tests of fighters. The proposed measures would have been hit hard by firms subcontractors (some of them participate in the program EF2000 is a matter of survival). In addition, if the four assembly lines in favor of one refuse it infringe the interests of other participants in the program, addressing in particular issues of national prestige.

EF2000 first plane should arrive at the Air Force in Germany in 2002, before the foundation of its defense will be MiG-29 as well as legacy fighters McDonnell-Douglas F-4F, the last program to "improve combat effectiveness with new radar Hyoz AN / APG -65, digital data buses MIL STD 1553V, INS N-124, new calculators air data, alarms warning of missile launches and missiles AIM-120 AMRAAM (for the modernization of this type of aircraft was allocated more than 2 billion marks). Currently, however, due to financial difficulties purchasing SD AMRAAM strongly reduced and stretched over time, thus depriving aircraft F-4F of modern weapons. In this regard, in terms of the criterion "cost - effectiveness," it seems inappropriate to spend money to upgrade fighter "Phantom" P. In addition, these aircraft expensive to operate. MiG-29 due to their small size also can not play a significant role in ensuring air defense of Germany. On this basis, the experts suggested the following workarounds:
- Aircraft modernization program F-4F should be minimized, has already upgraded 70 aircraft "Phantom" should remain in the ranks, and the remainder to be written off;
- Need to adopt an interim fighter aircraft (approximately 36 aircraft), who, after adopting EF2000 aircraft would supplement it;
- EF2000 program should be stretched in time for another four years (until 2006), and the number of purchased aircraft reduced from 140 to 100.
As an intermediate type of fighter possible purchase of the MiG-29M (although such a decision and it seems "neudobopriemlemym for political reasons"), in this case, the program costs for EF2000 reduced by 1.8 billion marks and make 12 billion marks. Advantageous for Germany is also proposed payment system purchase MiGs at which half of the cost of the order will go into repayment of Russian debts. FAA estimates the cost of one MiG-29M in 60 million marks.Deliveries could start in 1997 at a rate of 12 aircraft per year. In the spring of 1994 the Russian side has proposed that the German 100 fighters of the MiG-29M at the expense of payments on public debt (80 billion marks) Price of one plane 20 million marks.
However, in order to persuade the Russian government to resume funding the frozen program MiG-29, the German side must be at least partly to pay for its completion. In addition to the MiG-29M, as a possible alternative evroistrebitelyu aircraft called F-1S, F-16, F/A-18 and the SAAB JAS-39.
An alternative would be the rent (lease) for a period of 5-10 years of American fighter planes McDonnell Douglas F-15 and Lockheed F-16. Lease 24 aircraft F-15C will cost 265-530 million dollars (depending on additional services provided), and leasing the same amount of F-16 fighter will cost 145-265 million U.S. firm Lockheed also requested Germany to purchase upgraded fighters F-16C Series 50 and costs $ 20 million per aircraft.

Technical description of the aircraft EF2000

The plane carried on the wind canard with tselnopovorotnym sredneraspolozhennym PGO, Low-lying delta wing and single-fin vertical tail surfaces. 40% of the mass of the airframe are carbon, 20% - an aluminum-lithium alloys "Lital" A (Al-Li 8090), 18% - aluminum alloys, 12% - titanium alloys and 10% - GRP. On carbon composites accounted for 70% of the airframe, GRP is 12%, metal - 15%, and other construction materials - about 3%. The contract stipulated that the mass of the empty aircraft should not exceed 9,999 kg. In what possible use of improved aluminum-lithium alloys, such as "Lital" V. Design life design 6000 hours
According to representatives of a consortium of Euro-rofayter, the aircraft has a low ESR in its design radio-absorbing materials used for target detection are widely used passive sensors.
Swept wing leading edge is 53 deg., Elongation 2,2. Wing Mechanization includes one section flaperons (external surface) and hovering elevons (inner surface), as well as two sections deflected socks on each console. Wing skin (except for socks and deflected by the container at the ends of the wing, made of aluminum-lithium alloy) is made of carbon fiber.
Semi-monocoque type fuselage. Add-on armor cab partially protects the pilot from the destruction of small arms fire from small and medium caliber. Tselnoformovanny frameless speaker lamp gives an excellent overview.
On the plane used single-fin tail large area of ​​the rudder. At the root of the keel provides air intake heat exchanger cooling system avionics.
Area canards, made mostly of carbon, 2.40 m2.
Landing gear is tricycle, with a one-wheeled uprights. Managed the front desk retracted forward, main landing - in the direction of the fuselage. The chassis and Pneumatics optimized for action with roughly repaired concreted runway for landing without justification. However, to resolve problems with heating of the rim with heavy braking Required runway length, is, according to initial plans, 500 m, increased to 700 m. For the emergency brake on a plane drag chute.
The first two experienced fighter EF2000 equipped with engines Turbo Unión RB199-122 (2 x 7260 kg) similar to those mounted on aircraft Tornado. Powerplant other aircraft will consist of two turbofan Evrodzhet EJ200 (2 x 9,200 kgs).
EJ200 - Dual-shaft turbofan engine with afterburner. Its design uses single-crystal turbine blades, vserezhimnaya digital control system, drives from powder materials, brush seal and built-in system diagnostics. In the manufacture of fixed parts of the engine widely used IM. The combustion chamber turbofans with insulating coating of ceramic material. Engine weight of 900 kg.
The fighter used unregulated ventral air intake with a curved bottom edge and side edges of the square, separated by a vertical partition into two channels (for air supply to each engine), has a fixed upper and reject the bottom panel.
Fuel is placed in-sealing tanks in the fuselage, wing and keel. At the central node and two underwing external load can be placed PTB: two with a capacity of 1000 liters and one (ventral) to 1500 liters. Provided for the use of in-flight refueling.
Eurofighter consortium claims that the plane has a life-cycle cost 30% less than replacement of aircraft. At the 1 hour flight required only 10 person-hours of ground service (for comparison: the F/A-18 aircraft, the figure is 27.5 man-hours). Replacing the engine on the EF2000 is a team of four people for 45 minutes. At 1000 hours a raid in evroistrebitelya expected failure rate of less than 400 (on the F/A-18 - 1012 failures).
By-wire flight control system (FBWCS) kvadrupleksnaya adaptive, having no mechanical back-up wiring. It provides artificial stability of the aircraft, flying safe in limiting regimes (there are circuit breakers from entering the critical modes), weakening the impact of wind gusts and high maneuverability to steady state.
Weapon control system includes a multi-mode fighter coherent pulse-Doppler radar and infrared system ECR90 forward looking PIRATE.
ECR90 radar developed by a consortium of Euro-radar, which consists of a British firm GEC-Ferranti, Telefunken German, Italian and Spanish FIAR INISEJL station has a programmable signal processor that provides a quick change of operating modes. It belongs to the third generation of radars and radar is created based on the Blue Vixen ", developed in his time for the aircraft British Aerospace" Sea Harrier »FRS.2. The station has a flat antenna array with mechanical scanning in azimuth and optimized primarily for operation in air - air. Originally intended to provide simultaneous support for up to ten air targets, but later it was decided to confine the six goals. Requirements for the station include the ability to destroy air targets at all angles, in free space and on the background of the underlying surface, and high noise immunity in the enemy uses of RAP.
IR system PIRATE container type, developed from September 1992 by a consortium Evroferst (Eurofirst) in the firms FIAR (Italy), Thorn EM1 (UK) and Evrotronika (Spain). It must be installed on the left ventral node external suspension. The system is designed to detect air and ground targets. In the detection and tracking of airborne targets via teplopelengatsii will form an image close to the radar, and thermal imaging mode is more suitable for operation on the ground - a monochrome picture is displayed on the IL with or multifunction display on the dashboard. A prototype system, passing ground testing, provides a detection range of up to 9 km on the aircraft, and about 6 miles on helicopters.
EF2000 aircraft equipped with inertial navigation system with ring laser gyroscopes, helmet-mounted sight, indicator, instrumentation analysis, identification and determination of priority threats of the enemy's attack, the calculator of the possible use of weapons, as well as defensive and offensive maneuvers.
Firm Marconi has investigated the possibility of using an airplane navigation system, TTA (Total Terrain Avionics), using digital maps to bypass terrestrial obstacles while flying at low altitudes.
Defensive system DASS - the most expensive item of electronic equipment designed to evroistrebitelya - provides a synthesis and evaluation of information received from the receivers of radar and laser and other sensors, and automatic inclusion of the necessary active (the jammers, towed decoys) and passive protection and prevent the most dangerous threat. Containers with equipment located at the ends of the beam wing panels (on the aircraft the Luftwaffe from the use of this system may have to cancel for financial reasons).
The fighter has 13 nodes external suspension. Model of weapons to conduct air combat - four SD medium-range AIM-120 AMRAAM, «Asp (at Air Force in Italy) or" Skayflesh "(on British planes) placed under the fuselage in semi-flush position, as well as two SD-short-range AIM -9 "Sidewinder" or ASRAAM at the extreme nodes of the outer underwing suspension. The total number of missiles, air - air can reach 10, but even with such a weapon fighter take-off weight must not exceed 18,140 kilograms (40,000 pounds). At three sites external load can be accommodated PTB. The aircraft is equipped with 27-mm Mauser cannon company.
When performing percussion operations aircraft can take up to 6500 kg bombs on seven sites external suspension, and six SD-class air - air. Fighter combat radius of action in the conduct of the struggle for air superiority is more than 1000 km, when the shock of operations on the profile low - low altitude over 325 km and the profile of a large - small - high altitude of more than 1000 km. The aircraft is capable of patrolling in the air with weapons-class air - air for 3 hours, 15 minutes.
For fighter developed polukonformnye external fuel tanks. Under one of fuselage assemblies suspension can accommodate laser rangefinder-designator (LDTSU). In containers on the wingtips are blocks infrared traps and equipment REP. Measures to reduce the ESR aircraft.Despite the considerable amount of on-board fighter defense systems, for their accommodation is not involved any of the pylon.
Ejection seat Martin Baker Mk16A provides emergency escape the plane in a wide range of modes of flight, including the parking lot. The angle of the backrest is traditional for the previous generation of fighters - 18 deg. The use of chairs with a large angle, it was decided to abandon the deteriorating survey ago, as well as the need to apply in this case the side knobs and a higher location indicator on the dashboard.
For the pilot is expected to apply enhanced Tightly pressure suit with a reduced time boost, as well as oxygen system with the regulation of partial pressure of oxygen.
 

The aircraft EAR

Wingspan 11.77 m, area of 52 m, fuselage length 17.7 m, height 5.52 m, empty weight 11,250 kg. Powerplant turbofan  RB 199-34 MC. 104 D thrust of 4,080 kg. by afterburning to 7,710 kg. Maximum speed fighter M = 2.

As you know, England, Italy, Spain and Germany are jointly developing a new multi-role fighter EPA standard for all NATO countries. Under the plan he has entered into service in the mid-90's.

In preparation for the creation of EPA's British firm British Aerospace has created a single demonstration fighter EAR. It is based on the fighter project ASA, which over the years studied a group of British companies in cooperation with the West German concern Messerschmitt-Protein-Blom and Italian firm Aeritaliya.

Demonstration EAP is designed to test and develop new technical ideas, which are then fully be realized on the destroyer E F A. In particular this applies to the new aerodynamic configuration.Airplane EAR made ​​on a "duck", with canards is intended not only to control the pitch, but also for braking the aircraft on landing. In this plumage may be rotated nearly perpendicular to the flow and work as a big air brake.

In an experimental aircraft is used and tested a new fully by-wire flight control system, advanced avionics and a new technology. In particular, the airframe is widely applied to composite materials. Of them were made almost 40% of panel sheathing. Total on composite materials accounts for a quarter the weight of the airframe. This allowed a 20% decrease its weight as compared with the weight of similar metal construction.

The aircraft is equipped with two turbojet bypass engines of Rolls-Royce MC. 104 D maximum thrust in afterburner at 7,710 kg. Engine air intakes are located under the fuselage, which is beneficial when flying at high angles of attack. The lower air intake panel may deviate downward.

In the manufacture of demonstration fighter EAR, except for this leading car firm British Aerospace, has been involved Aeritaliya Italian firm, which was responsible for the creation of a wing EAR. It is almost entirely made of carbon fiber. The first flight of the fighter was executed in June 1986