Almanac Typhoon »№ 2 / 1996, № 1 / 1997

Frigate TYPE YASTREB Project 11540

Captain I rank, the candidate of military sciences, professor V. Kuzin 
Researcher Central Research Institute of the Russian Defense Ministry VK DY Litinsky

Recall "axiom": improving the ship inexorably leads to an increase in its dimensions. Tracing the history of the emergence of the Soviet Navy multipurpose patrol ship (SKR), a new generation, we are able not only to obtain confirmation of the validity of this "natural" law, but to see a good illustration of another law - the dialectical. It's about the transition of quantitative changes into qualitative and about optimum, in which the maximum combat efficiency of the ship at a reasonable cost for its creation.

To trace the growth of the "ship, choose a starting point of further precursor" hero "of our story.

In June 1964 the Navy and SMEs are considered preliminary design of small-ship antisubmarine warfare (ASW) "Albatross", designed to protect naval bases, team sites, raids, as well as for anti-submarine escort of warships and transports at sea. The project was designed Zelenodolsk CDB-340, already had experience of a TFR ASW first and second generations. Progressive (though somewhat risky in terms of everyday use) the technical solutions in terms of naval power and propulsion systems have been involved in a team of designers led by AV Kunahovicha and AP Myshakina. For example, the original propulsion plant are tested on a small ship ASW Project 204, and a combined diesel-gas turbine power plant - at RCDS PLO, etc. 35, 159 and 159A.

When a new project team under the leadership of Chief Designer A. Nicholas, armed with experience in designing highly original anti-submarine ships of small and medium displacement, was in a situation where the "scope for imagination" of designers was limited to very specific tactical and technical specification (TTZ), we define not only of the weapons (ASG circular search "Argun" with an antenna in a radome podkilnom omit GAS "Shelon, two 533-mm twin-TA, two reactive bombometnye installation, 57-mm AC for self-defense), but also specifies the type of GEMs and limiting displacement of the vessel size 800 tonnes Monitoring design from the Navy exercised employee CRI military shipbuilding (CRI VC) captain 2 rank IV Kozlovsky, also participated in the development of TTZ. The need for long-term maintenance of a relatively low speed and search capabilities in case of need to develop a full course of about 35 knots identified for the IPC as an optimal three-shaft diesel-gas turbine main propulsion (GEMs). The specified model was dictated operational use of ship: listening on the go, deep acoustic "intelligence" on foot "with the lowering of hydroacoustic stations (OGAS), detection of underwater targets, and as quickly as possible" jump "in the area of ​​its intended location for subsequent attacks.

Side walls should rotate two M-507A engine with a capacity of 10,000 horsepower, and the median - GTU-8 power of 18.000 HP As a gas turbine engine (GTE), and under both diesel ship was to develop a 20-knot speed. In the course of a cruising range of diesel powered 18-speed hub was set not less than 2.500 miles and the highest rate in the joint work of all three shafts - 35 knots. Electric power unit (EEU), a total capacity of 1.000 kW was designed, consisting of three diesel generators with capacity of 200, 300 and 500 kW.

Professional interest for designers focused on optimizing the propulsion and the seaworthiness of the ship's hull, equipped with a relatively large podkilnym fairing CEO. This fairing because of its size had on the alignment and driving performance of "main body" on the waterline length 66.0 m and a width of 9,3 m significant impact. Specialists CDB-340 developed for the underwater part of the original contours, advantageously combine the benefits of round bilge and ostroskulyh corps, and the freeboard to reduce flooding and splashing into complex shape with flattened longitudinal "ridges" - ledges. In the towing basin Shipbuilding Research Institute. Acad. ANKrylov conducted several series of towing tests that confirmed the high-speed quality-designed hull form. Behavior of the ship at regular and irregular waves, as well as zalivaemost and zabryzgivaemost studied on self-propelled model. Extended solid suspension in combination with non-traditional, but no less graceful sheer line was used to increase the freeboard, which is beneficial not only seaworthy, but also provide additional volume within the housing. This is very handy when, after consideration of conceptual design by joint decision of the Navy and SMEs CDB-340 instructed to place on the ship anti-aircraft missile system (SAM) self-Osa-M (4K-33) gun with 20 anti-aircraft guided missiles (SAM) 9M-33 . Originally covering to the deck launcher (PU) Zif-122 is supposed to be installed in the stern, moving the nose automatically paired 57-mm AC ZIF-72 (this decision was dictated by the need for tough demanding developers "Wasp-M" CP close proximity to the "firing station" complex 4K-33).

As a result, engineering design, made in 1965, managed to implement all the requirements of TTZ Navy, creating at that time, well armed with enough high-speed and seaworthiness (so it seemed) a specialized vehicle to find and destroy the submarine near the coast and "missed" in the total displacement 900 m. Search, detection, classification of underwater targets and delivery system targeting PUS "Dragon 1124" carried out "podkilnoy" GAS "Argun" (smaller version of the "station" Titan "was created for large antisubmarine ships of type" Berkut "pr.1134 A Raman and 2-rank of "Puffin pr.1135) and the lowering of GAS" Shelon. Attack submarines detected could be made as homing torpedoes "Raccoon-2 (or SET-65) from rotating twin-deck torpedo tubes DTA-53-1124, and through the jet depth charges RSL-60, fired two rocket-propelled bombometnyh installations RBU-6000 . RBU equipped with a system of feeding and reloading.Two 12-barrel PU pobortno placed in the bow of the ship's superstructure, located underneath the cellar could hold 96 of the RSL-60. For self-defense ship from boats and small ships of the enemy, and to engage aerial targets designed artillery complex AK-725 in the 57-mm automatic AC ZIF-72, located at the stern of the ship, and fire control radar system "Leopard" MP-103.Task of destroying the single aerial targets should also be addressed SAM Osa-M ", which consisted of management system 4F-33, two-beam mill PU-122 (located in the neutral position under deck tank to the" glass "PU) with the feed system and reloading and a set of missiles 9M-33. Detection of air and surface targets, as well as the issuance of targeting SAM served as radar MR-302 "logging".

Serial building of the IPC type "Albatross" was legitimized by the CC CPSU and USSR Council of Ministers № 680-280 on 10 August 1964, but contractual technical project 1124, adjusted for the outbreak in 1970 of tests lead ship, was issued only in 1972 , the full displacement of the IPC has reached 940 tons from the exotic "ridges" of freeboard, overly complicating the hull design and technology of their manufacture, were in the development of documentation, some simplification and geometry of the protruding body parts. Launched first in a series Zelenodolsk Shipyard (GCC) to them. Bitter, and then at the Khabarovsk Kiev GCC and the GCC, "Lenin's smithy" IPC "Albatross" is quite suitable for their intended use. By pr.1124 was built 38 ships, which are not assigned their own names, but only a literal numeric designation. Commissioned by the KGB for parts morpogranohrany based pr.1124 was established border guard ship (PSKR) pr.1124P with simplified composition weapons: instead of SAM Osa-M "- the second AU ZIF-72. For this project was built in 1917 PSKR plants, most of whom, unlike the more numerous "navy" brothers, were not numbered, and their own personal items.

In general, good project, it was decided to develop, equipping newly built ships of modern weaponry. Already in the process of building new ships were additionally dovooruzhat small-caliber (30-mm) artillery systems

AK-630/MR-123. Zelenodolskoye PKB (both now called CDB-340), a group of leading specialists for whom "Albatross" was awarded the State Prize, under the supervision of staff TSNIIVK captain 2 rank AP Demeshkevicha in 1976, has developed a shortened Technical Project 1124M, which had the following differences from the base : podkilnaya CEO MG-322 gave way to the station "Platinum", 57-mm AK-725 was replaced by 76-mm artkompleks with AK-176 air defense missile system "Osa-M" - for "Osa-MA". To enhance capabilities to fight the enemy in the air arms ship was artkompleks AK-630/MR-123. In addition, the practice of exploitation show the complexity of manageability mooring, so under the transom on the boat decided to install an auxiliary propulsion and steering system (VDRK). As a result of displacement of the ship, naturally, has increased by 30 m and reached a value of 970 m. Full speed at constant power GEMs fell 3 knots, cruising range was reduced to 200 miles. Head the IASC pr.1124M joined the Navy in 1980 for the next decade, the Soviet shipyards to build 20 of the IPC, the latest series of ships entered the system even after the Soviet collapse.

New ships in general are well accustomed to fleets, which formed the basis of forces ravines (Water Conservation Area). Experts of NATO, to monitor closely all the obscure to them (this is especially clear today - is enough to indicate the huge demand among the "Westerners" to an entirely non-professional handbook of the Yakut amateur Pavlova) zigzags of Soviet military shipbuilding, appropriated, as it should, vehicle code "Grisha" (? - aut.) with indices from I to V."Grisha I" - first base, "Grisha II" - pr.1124P, the Edge, "Grisha III" - pr.1124 with the addition of AK-630, "Grisha IV" - pr.1124M and, finally, "Grisha V" - the same pr.1124M, but with a common radar detection Frigate MA "(the last manned ships were forced by the station - the production of radar logging" stopped, and the new design did not have time).

However, the operation of ships and their shortcomings identified, without which, apparently, does not manage any project. Chief among them was still unsatisfactory seaworthiness, especially in the northern theater, and in the first place - a strong Fitting sleming resulting from "katernogo" origin hull lines and the availability of advanced antenna podkilnoy CEO.

In addition to these options pr.1124 in the 1970's. at its base in East Germany by Soviet specialists was developed pr.133 (lead ship - "Parhim"). It was assumed that this would allow the Germans to acquire the skills of independent design and construction of warships for the Navy as a National People's Army GDR and other countries of the Warsaw Pact. For reasons of political and economic nature (as a "reckoning" for the debts of the GDR to the USSR) Twelve constructed by modernized pr.133.1M ships had to take a part of our Baltic fleet, though they were "weaker" national "Albatross." In fairness it should be noted that the German ships was extremely good quality of construction, quality factor and reliability engineering.

Further development of this vehicle by replacing the weapons with more modern hampered by a lack of modernization of stocks. This is clearly manifested in the design, construction and operation of the IPC pr.1124K, created specifically for sea trials of a new ship multichannel SAM self-defense "Dagger."

Ten-year plan of military shipbuilding (forms part of a unified economic development plan for 1970-1980. But approved September 1, 1969 selected the CC CPSU and the USSR № 715-250) provides for the development of a new project 1154 and serial production of anti-submarine patrol spacecraft designed to replace the IPC pr.1124. In the definition of shape the ship, that is, research design, since 1970, were conducted in Central Research Institute of the VC.

If the IPC pr.1124 was born at a time when the favor with our political leadership were only surface ships of small tonnage (mid 1960's. In the Soviet Navy was marked by "passion" missile boats and their massive construction), then after a decade of hard limitations in thin nazhe not let the "natural growth" of surface ships. The family of anti-submarine ships in the 1970's. Joined the 3.000-ton turbine TFR type Puffin pr.1135 (originally they were classified even as a BPK), armed with a universal anti-submarine missile complex "Blizzard" Disaster Risk 3. Not bad for many indicators the ship, divided by foreign naval reference books to the class frigates from the standpoint of balance his chief - ASW - weapons are pretty strange sight: the detection range of underwater targets ship GAK Titan several times inferior to the firing range anti-submarine missiles 85 - R. Resolution of apparent contradiction could easily become a ship-based antisubmarine helicopter, but the preservation of the main armament he "Petrel" just "do not climb." Therefore, considerable efforts of national science and industry were sent out to create a HOOK with increased several times range. Those had to be set "Star-1" on a new element base.

In 1975-1977. in Zelenodolsk PKB team led by Chief Designer N. Yakovlev, and with the active participation of the central observer Navy captain 2 rank VY Korsukova was developed technical design turbine RCS standard anti-submarine with a displacement of about 1.600 m (ie 2 times larger than the IPC pr.1124) with the SJC "The Star-1". Analogue to compare TTE projected domestic vehicle with foreign elements "contemporary" was then formally elected to the Belgian frigate (national classification, actually - corvette) "Wielingen", later to add to it the larger Italian frigate "Maestrale". Comparison of small TFR with "Belgian" is, of course, "political", as our ship is exhibited in a favorable light, but on the other hand, found in the ship NATO fleet composition suitable "object" was difficult enough.

After consideration of the Navy and SMEs in November 1977, the project has undergone major changes. She was due to the fact that, in addition to those already included in the TTZ in designing weapons systems to be installed on a new anti-TFR, the Navy found it necessary to enter into an armed ship the most promising developments. As a result, there were six pr.1154 unified single-tube fixed IP for firing torpedoes and missiles, torpedoes, "Falls-NC, anti-reactive complex (PKK)" Rain ", multi-SAM self-defense" Dagger "and 76-mm automatic odnoorudiynaya AU A- 221.

Adjusted tehproekt was released in 1979 Entry into service lead ship, depended mainly on the timing of deliveries of new models of weapons and armaments, then scheduled for 1986 full displacement vessel waterline length of 96.0 m and a width of 11,0 m reached a value of 2.000 m. GEMs, compiled by the scheme COGAG , consisted of four CCD M70, which provided full speed of 30 knots. Estimated cruising range of 14-nodal speed equal to 3.000 miles. Feature of the architecture of the ship is a large radome ASG, a displacement of about 7% of the total displacement hull. The results of the studies and model tests the designer of a range of indicators chosen location sonar fairing under the keel.

Beginning of 1980. in the foreign fleets was characterized by mass occurrence in their battle of the modern universal frigate-class ships. If the United States, beginning in 1977 to replenish their navy new 3.600-ton class frigates FFG-7 "Oliver Hazard Perry", continued steadily emerging two decades before a clear trend towards multi-escorts for transoceanic convoys, then other countries in NATO, fulfilling an agreement "international division of labor" in the United Navy, came to the decision to build the ships about the same tonnage, but adapted to the solution of independent problems, as well as ASW and air defense ship connections.

Class frigates, owe their emergence and development of the threat of German submarines allied shipping during the Second World War, and - during the "Cold War" - the massive construction of first diesel-electric, and then a nuclear submarine in the Soviet Union once again demonstrated its evolution "law growth in tonnage. " "Starting with the tonnage of about 1,500 tons, three decades of displacement of the frigates had more than doubled and reached a value of 3-3,5 thousand tons Adopting anti-ship missiles (ASM) types of" Harpoon "and" Exocet " allowed without special efforts to expand the circle of problems solved frigates, thereby increasing their flexibility and making them the foundation of the ship's top ten largest navy of the world (frigates they constitute 50-60% of the total number of combat surface ships). Versatility and a sufficiently large displacement, ensure that all operational areas, in fact, turned the frigates in the main class of warship. In the 1970's. phased out (due to uselessness, expensive and small series) construction of major combat ships with a displacement of more than 4-5 thousand tons (excluding, of course, aircraft carriers - the special ships). For the "super-destroyers" in 8000 m and the cruiser "hold" until recently only opposing the U.S. and the USSR. Thus, the frigate is the largest major warship fleet and suppresses "family tree" of destroyers and cruisers in almost all of the Navy (in Japanese Navy frigates on the tradition continues classified as destroyers, but there is a trend that does not change).

Specialists CRI VC MO closely monitor and analyze the main directions of development of foreign military shipbuilding. This gave grounds for the preparation of proposals for the next ten years the shipbuilding program, pay particular attention to ships that can serve as an anti-submarine and patrol escort, that is, multiple frigates. The result was the development in 1981 of a new TTZ on pr.11540, who was given the code "Hawk".

How ironic that in the proposals for naval shipbuilding program other organizations and institutions - the General Staff of the Navy, the central offices of Fleet, the Naval Academy, etc. - Further development of warships with a displacement of 4.3 thousand tons class TFR does not provide, although it would seem, "line" TFR pr.1135 would have to require a logical continuation. The explanation is simple: no instructions from above have been reported, and military science then existed mainly to justify the correctness of the wise "superior guidance." But here, as indeed in any other area, go to extremes not to be. Often the case as well: study "from below", particularly literate and logical, have formed an opinion or position of the 'top'. Just so, fortunately, happened to pr.11540.

1 st Institute of the Navy (since then briefly was named CRI VC MO), literally "under a magnifying glass" to examine all the projects of new foreign frigates, has developed several options for project proposals domestic vehicle in its class with the expectation of "preemption" - a Soviet frigate at the time of its introduction should "beat" everyone. Reasons for this were not romantic, but quite real. The powerful military-industrial complex of the country was completely able to provide all needs of the fleet that the Navy was not available any country in the world except the U.S. (and then only with certain reservations). Elaboration of the 1 st Naval Institute showed that: a vehicle to create a schedule can be and, more importantly, potentially it can be built for at least 7 shipyards (CVD): in Leningrad in the GCC to them. Zhdanov (and if necessary - and in the Baltic and the Admiralty), in Kaliningrad on the GCC, "Amber" in Nikolaev on the Black Sea CVD and CVD them. 61 Communards, in Kerch in the GCC "Gulf", in Zelenodolsk on CVD them. Gorky, in Komsomolsk-na-Amur in the GCC to them. Lenin Komsomol. Head of the Department of surface ships 1 Institute of Navy, Rear Admiral BA Kolyzaev reported to the Commander of the Navy Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union SG Gorshkov main results of the Professional Institute of the pr.11540 and received his full approval. Importance of a successful Admiral's report overstated difficult - the ship has found a powerful patron. The only thing against which objected strongly to Commander, it's against the initiative of the Institute to classify a new ship as a frigate: "This is a foreign (? - Aut.) Class, let it be MRS. Thus, SG Gorshkov, reiterated his credo: "We have our own distinctive national (it's a multicultural country - aut.) Path. We foreigners do not copy!"

Another big success must be considered that the project "lucky" and the project office and the Chief Designer. Zelenodolskoye PKB always favorably with other offices heightened sense of the new, eagerly, if I may say so, how can the desire to further explore the global trends in naval shipbuilding and make maximum use of his accomplishments, "not to reinvent the wheel" as well as versatility and a large scientific and technical advance in fundamentally new directions for shipbuilding. Suffice it to mention that in addition to the design of small combat ships displacing up to the class of the IPC, inclusive, these offices have been designed (and later built), the largest in the world and high-speed warships hydrofoil (PDAs) such as "Falcon" (pr.1141 and 1145) . U zelenodoltsev "also had a wide experience in designing large-scale combat skegovyh hovercraft (OHR). One of the most successful representatives of the latter was a project ASW skegovogo KVP "Tour" (pr.10230) displacement of more than 2.000 tons of steel in the performance of the housing. "Tour" was to carry anti-tank guided missiles (PLUR), DC-based helicopter and equipped with powerful water jets. Unfortunately, this project was not implemented for reasons not technical ones. In the asset Zelenodolsky PKB had, for example, a project with a TFR of nuclear power plants - the very small nuclear warship in the world. In short, the Bureau boldly undertook the difficult technical problems and tend to resolve them. Nikolay Aleksandrovich Yakauleuski - "father" of the new "Hawk" - from the beginning was like-minded sailors - ideologues and developers TTZ 1 Research Institute of the Navy, which was another major success because it has happened in the practice of interaction between the Navy and industry, alas, is far not always. Counter elaboration ship Zelenodolsky PKB and 1 Institute of virtually identical, which indicated that a clear presentation of his image of the main "performers".

Thus, somewhat unusual, in fact - proactive way, "Hawk" was in "Basic directions of development of the Soviet Navy in the XI-XII Five-Year Plan" (document prepared jointly by the Navy and SMEs and approved by special resolution of the Party and government. He served for the subsequent development of a program of military Shipbuilding - approx. aut.).

Thus, approved by the CPSU and USSR CM number 1135-345 on January 14, 1981 ten-year plan of military shipbuilding contained a paragraph about a serial construction of Raman-type "Hawk" by pr.11540. These ships were supposed to fill in the Soviet Navy formed "niche" that the foreign fleets took multipurpose surface ships with a displacement of 4.3 thousand tons According TTZ, TFR "Hawk" was intended for ASW and air defense ship connections, as well as to fight with surface ships of the enemy.

In October 1981, in accordance with the order of Navy Commander in connection with the change of arms (added anti-missile system "Uranus") of the projected tonnage vessel was allowed to increase to 3,500 m. In this connection, it became quite legitimate comparison of the "Hawk" with the American frigate-type "Perry" and the German-type "Bremen". The latter as the most successful foreign "contemporary", of course, taking into account the creativity of the Soviet designers, was a reference to "competition". The following year Zelenodolskoye PKB submitted to the Navy Technical Project 11540 frigate 2 rank "Hawk". Chief designer of the ship remained NA Yakauleuski, mostly watching from the Navy was appointed Specialist 1 Research Institute of Defense Captain 2 rank OK Korobkov.

The ship, the appointment and composition of the weapons which finally determined sufficient specificity, "received" at once. Accommodation GAK Star-1, anti-submarine rocket-torpedo complex "waterfall-NC, multichannel SAM self-defense" Dagger "and anti-aircraft missile and artillery complex near abroad (ZKBR)" Dirk, "ensuring the permanent basing of anti-submarine helicopters Ka-27 and as gas turbine power plant with fuel supply, sufficient to achieve the 3.000-mile cruising range 18-speed hub, and defined the dimensions of standard displacement of TFR, which was at that stage design 3,040 m. 1st Experts Central Research Institute of Defense strongly recommended for "Hawk" combined diesel-gas turbine EC scheme CODOG, but the real possibility of domestic industry, nor are they fabricated sufficiently powerful and reliable diesel-gear assemblies, were not allowed to sustain the planned deadline cerebral vessel.Therefore it was necessary to maintain gas turbine scheme COGAG, tried out and improved on the TFR pr.1135, 1135M and 11351.

The subject of a fierce struggle, "Shipbuilders" and "vooruzhentsev" was to preserve as part of the new weapons the PKK "Downpour", whose effectiveness raises many experts doubt. More expedient to consider upgrading the existing complex on the basis of RBU-6000 with the development of new ammunition for it.

Prototype RPC-5 "Downpour" (RBU-10000) from 1982 was tested in field conditions on board the IPC pr.1124, who had serial number 702. Tests confirmed the suspicions of the complex of specialists in that shooting unguided depth charges on long-distance completely ineffective: even the exact covering volley found the boat (which in itself is problematic) makes no warranty of its defeat, since the time freely "fall" (ie E. dives) bombs attacked the boat manages to get away from the break, even myself that "not wanting" (unless, of course, it moves). Confirmed the already long-known truth: in the medium and long ranges against submarines are most effective homing torpedoes, it does not matter (in this context) how delivered to the target - a missile (PLUR), plane or helicopter, or profit "under its own power." There has been a fairly rare in practice, our post-war shipbuilding phenomenon - the PKK, "Rain" was terminated development and production, which greatly distressed "vooruzhentsev - antisubmarine, who had not seen for his" brainchild "of other suitable carriers, except for" Hawk. " Instead, the PKK, "Rain" on the ship placed "good old" RBU-6000. This explains that the installation on board one - instead of the usual pair.

Officers 1 Research Institute of Defense had a long "fight" and for placing on board a 100-mm AK-100 guns. "Vooruzhentsy" aggressively (especially specialists Shipbuilding Research Institute. Acad. Krylov) "promoted" the 76-mm AK-176, saying it is basically what is needed to save displacement as well as the fact that overseas on most frigates (even the new American) "was prescribed," the caliber of 76 mm. Counter-arguments were simple: "Save on matches will not. And" even the Americans, "let there be worse, as long as they do not understand what could be duelnaya situation after the fast consuming the limited supply of RCC." (That's how it was in the Middle East war. Exchanged - often unsuccessfully - rocket volleys, Arab and Israeli boats aggressively approached for an artillery battle. And then, of course, the final word was a 76-mm artillery Israelis, "singing bass" against the 30-mm "muhoboek" Arabs). The last point in the dispute raised Glaucus: "What are we talking about? Of course," weave "!"

Was controversial and placement of the fairing CEO. Appeal to a healthy conservatism recognized experienced sailors - Canadians - spoke in favor of podkilnogo fairing as more advantageous from the standpoint of SAC when swimming in the sea is rough. And the Americans at their most popular class frigates "Oliver H. Perry", and the British until the so-called second subseries frigate type 22 "(" Broadsword ") are also persistently favored podkilnomu accommodation options radome CEO. And, for example, the Italians have motivated its decision to a desire to improve propulsive quality housing of their frigates due to a small "moves" bulb, and of course used for this purpose bow bulb. German and French experts were of the same solutions. Technically, the project in 1982 "Hawk" had podkilny fairing. Ultimately, however, won "hodoviki: podkilny bulb is too large, rapidly deteriorating, not only driving performance, but also increased overall sediment. An important fact prejudge the final decision in favor of the bulb fairing (strictly speaking, the bulb fairing is also podkilnym, but here for the understanding of the problems we have these concepts are shared) and was more successful design of the nasal tip: the hull with a bulb fairing are more long, stem - more sharp and upbeat the whole ship as a whole looked more and more like the Commander of the Navy.

When carrying out design studies as an institution, and PKB focused on arms ship two helicopters: on the one hand, it is dictating foreign experience (here the reference to Western prestige was quite appropriate - "they" were well aware of the role and importance of naval aviation), on the other - in the Yakovlev Design Bureau. NI Kamov (unfortunately, the monopolist in the "ship" helicopter) had a very attractive multi-purpose helicopter project proposal "B-80", which is suitable for pairing based on the ship. However, the promissory notes issued "kamovtsami" on this machine, in the end turned out to be unpaid. As a customer of the Navy with its very sophisticated technology and small-lot production is less interested in the developer than, say, ground troops with their potentially many thousands of orders of more simple machines. B-80 ", more and more drawn to" land "attack aircraft, and certification bureau that they are worth nothing on its base to make a good anti-ship or even a multi-purpose helicopter, called at first ironic smirk, and then the irritation of the Navy, we have who felt cheated. In the end, "B-80" has become a well-known now, "Ka-50", and the ship put "the only real car - the Ka-27", which, with generally good combat capabilities, and overall weight and dimensions of its characteristics do not allow even dream of ordinal (Doubles) basing the ship in its class.

Quite seriously and had to fight on such a seemingly trivial one, as the location of CP complex "Uranus." 1-st Research Institute of Defense proposed to place the installation "un-American" as placed RCC "Harpoon": one packet of the WPK (transport-launch container) opposite another pobortno and perpendicular to the DP, which served as the rationale for the comparative simplicity of replacing containers with missiles. Conservatives - "industrialists" persistently "dragged" traditional accommodation option for us TPK "armpits", ie under the wings of the navigating bridge, parallel to the AP. This dispute is suddenly resolved itself. At the urging of experts - "The Rocketeer" ammunition PKR Uran increased from 8.12 initially to ask up to 16 pieces ("excel as excel). Not denied anybody, but if there is a single package of eight of the WPK on the traditional accommodation options could be considered.

For approval of technical pr.11540 in 1982 was influenced by several factors, most important of which should be considered as accounting practices of the Anglo-Argentine conflict. Updating of the project, undertaken in the next year under the joint decision of the Navy and SMEs from the April 9, include the replacement of light alloys in the construction of superstructure on steel and a number of improvements in terms of electronic weaponry. Strictly speaking, a return overseas for steel and non-aluminum alloys for add-ons have been seen even before the Falklands. Our experts drew attention to the English all steel "Sheffield" (Type 42), the French "George Legues" and German "Bremen", but without the Anglo-Argentine conflict probably never be able to remove the "Hawk" AMG, making it the only in our fleet all steel ship after a 30-year hiatus (we recall that the last steel was developed in the second half of 1950. pr.57bis - a large rocket ship).Updating of the project did not require much time, but to bookmark the cerebral vessel, which is a term I started to build "crawl to the right, left another two years.

As it often happened that a good overall pr.11540 found and their detractors. According to the then existing structure of the Main Department of Shipbuilding (STMC) Navy combat surface ships there were two divisions - Division of BOC large and small department BOC (also involved in boats, minesweepers and landing ships). By their rank pr.11540 was the responsibility of the 1-st division, but Zelenodolskoye PKB traditionally interacted with 2-m, so for him and was "unusually large" ship. We must pay tribute to the Chief of the Division Captain I rank VA Tarasov, and change the captain I rank VN Isachenkovu (son of the famous Soviet director of military shipbuilding Admiral NV Isachenkova) in understanding the importance of the task before them is largely a fundamentally new warship and patriotic, so to speak, the enthusiasm to fight for it. A fight, say, looking ahead, I had to. The same responsibility as superiors, he worked directly to the lead ship's senior officer STMC Captain I rank G. Zimin and chief observer of the Navy Captain 2 rank OK Korobkov.

Instructed to "Hawk" 2-nd Division STMC has caused some jealousy and resentment at the 1-st.Skepticism about the work Zelenodolsky PKB led to the issuance of a job to "sort of" competitive study of the project vessel Nordic PKB in Leningrad - the leading offices of large surface ships of major classes.

The result was such that some of SPKB expected - with the same weapons of displacement of the ship as early as the initial elaboration of "any high level" of 5,000 tons (and this was not the limit because, as a rule, a technical project, it would have increased even as at least 20%). Then began the audit of the project Zelenodoltsev under the slogan "Miracles do not happen!".Forgetting the fact that (according to the following expression Makarov) craft built for combat, "the light of day often dragged vague, pretentious language deficiencies: too crowded, difficult to repair, habitability is worse (than whom?) "etc. But no sound argument against the vessel is formulated have not been. It is understandable - they were afraid Commander of the Navy, in the figurative expression of some military men, angrily clutching fingers into fists build in shoes. "However, the true motives until the tacit stigma of pr.11540 among some leaders of the STMC and part of the central offices of the Navy was in the other. During the administration of the country Khrushchev military shipbuilders had to try and "superior" discontent of large surface ships, and the hard pressure limiting displacement re-created ships. In the second half of 1960.situation has changed radically - the pendulum has swung in the opposite direction. Now the growth of displacement surface ships no particular limit is not tried to restrain him only the size of the stocks and slipways. One extreme has created another. In the psychology of leaders syndrome megalomania has taken root quickly. And to understand them it was possible: the larger ship is more prestigious sites with all the consequences of no small importance. In addition, the progressive lag domestic technology from world class inevitably led to the fact that the qualitative characteristics of the new weapons and military equipment "buy", as a rule, the price growth of weights and dimensions. "Stuff" of their ever-increasing range of a larger ship was, of course, easier.

The project "Hawk" by their appearance as if to prove that the declared above is not an axiom, while more thoughtful, more thorough and creative approach, the result may be different.Concrete - pr.11540 "ran the road" to larger ships of other projects, questioning the appropriateness of their construction. Even a brief comparison of the elements of the BOD pr.1155 Frigate and MRS pr.11540 clearly indicates that the latter at half (!), Displacement, armed with almost identical to the first, but the difference lies only in the number of systems and ammunition. In other words, the criterion of "cost-effectiveness," "Hawk" are clearly preferable.And given that a large BOD pr.1155 was a "piece" construction, and "Hawk" claimed the construction of many tens of units, the senselessness of construction first became dangerously apparent.

Table 1    

After the departure of Admiral SG Gorshkov to fight for the post of Commander of the ship deteriorated.

To understand the background of further developments need to digress. Admiral SG Gorshkov, who headed the Navy's record-breaking period - 30 years - was a figure of ambiguous and contradictory, as, indeed, the vast majority of statesmen of our rich history (the authors do not take it upon myself to give an integrated objective assessment of one or other persons appearing in this story. They do not do this right, and not in the state. All that is here mentioned, is considered only through the prism of military shipbuilding - and no more.) But from the standpoint of building a powerful navy, which before has our country ever had not, but took on many industry-leading position in the world, it is no exaggeration can be considered one of the outstanding domestic military shipbuilding. Glaucus was very fond of (and sometimes "over the edge") to invade the issues of development TTZ, personally reviewing stages of the design of almost all new ships (almost to the tugs inclusive), was a regular inspector of all research institutes, design offices and shipyards. And each of his visits was the result of any occurrence of a new project, or adjust existing, or "accelerating the momentum" from "orgpersonalnymi 'conclusions.His authority in the lower and, most importantly, in the higher structures was undoubtedly very high.

New Navy Commander Adm. Vladimir N. Tchernavin peredstavlyal in this regard is the exact opposite: shipbuilding interested him little, in research institutes and design of all time "rule" was seen from the power once. When it (perhaps not his fault) started Gorbachev "novomyshlennoe 'destruction, yet not very noticeable, the process of building the fleet. It came to that review the technical design of the secondary does not ship as a full-scale nuclear aircraft carrier (pr.11437 known in the press as "Ulyanovsk"), the new Commander of persistently "perepihival on their solves nothing substitutes. It is worth mentioning another circumstance. According to the authors, there were (and current) system of training officers, along with the positive sides also had drawbacks. Viciousness of it was, in particular, in a very narrow specialization cadres at all levels of service and education (up to the Naval Academy inclusive). Thanks to her, there were numerous life-long graduation - "hallmarks": "Submariner", "nadvodnik", "commander", "engineer", "Pilot" ("The Aviator"), "Shipwright", "not Shipwright", etc. Change the label and, accordingly, to purchase a new formation, attitudes, and, most importantly, the broadminded in such circumstances, it was a hopeless cause. Generalists - and this, in our opinion, are essential for the preparation of the higher command level - nowhere to be prepared. True, "application" for such training existed in the General Staff Academy, but in fact it was purely nominal - of a diver could not get a specialist a three-dimensional thinking, is equally well-wielding "above-water" or "air" issues, as nadvodnik rather superficially knew, and so felt more specifics of submarine warfare.Thus, find themselves at the levers of higher structures fleet venerable admiral who wore three "Spider" (unofficial, but widely held among the officers the name of the admiral's star on the shoulder straps rather exotic figure) on the shoulder straps and had on three higher education (college, Naval Academy and the Academy of General Staff), were essentially "Submariner", "commanders", etc. We consciously before "etc." put these two categories. In times of SG Gorshkov basis of the fleet were declared, as we know, nuclear submarines. Of course, the service on these ships was increased risky, very difficult (though on diesel submarines more difficult), and tense. To partially offset existed numerous privileges, one of which was accelerated passage of the service. In short, the boat was much, much had been and their compounds, many - and the young submarine admirals, which for almost a "breakneck" rotation and the sublimation of a shock, "it was necessary to" move "higher and higher. When SG Gorshkov, almost all key positions in the Navy occupied the submariners. We are only interested in a branch, watching and / or strong influence on shipbuilding issues: First Deputy Navy Commander - Submarine (Admiral NI Smirnov), Chief of General Staff of the Navy - Submarine (Admiral VN Tchernavin), head of the STMC Navy - Submarine ( Vice-Admiral RD Filonovich) Chief CRI BK (1 CRI MO) - Submarine (Vice-Admiral M. Buda), the chief WMA - submariner (Admiral VN Ponikarovsky).This list does not include the two most important figures - the SG Gorshkov and his deputy for shipbuilding Admiral PG Kotova, who, though initially and could be called nadvodnikami, but thanks to a 30-year joint universal service have become "sexless specialists" . And yet there they are really totalitarian, tough, personal form of control, specialization, and the views of other figures listed no special role played (except mentioned "perturbation toes in the shoes in the line").

Taking into account a deviation should be clear why the seeds of ill will towards the "Hawk" began to sprout after leaving SG Gorshkov and the ensuing collapse of his team. Stable leadership changed reshuffle of officials, almost all of which had (and sometimes do not have) a very vague idea of ​​not only the object itself, but also about its history. Quick, successive leaders like parrots repeating the same, already long established, but remains unconvincing thesis about the "not very successful," pr.11540. We give only one example. In the "Throne Speech" (about his inauguration) before the officers 1 Research Institute of Defense once zam.GK on shipbuilding, considering this, perhaps, good manners, once again, "kicked" Hawk "in this context that One of the authors of this article (in his time who has spearheaded the creation of pr.11540) considered a matter of officers' and professional honor to respond to the question: "Comrade. Vice-Admiral." Are you seriously believe in fighting for "Hawk" weak? " "No, - stammered the chief - certainly for the armament he even very strong, but ... the tightness, maintainability ... hard to squeeze into the engine room ..." "But what about on the submarine?" There's the 5 th and 6 th compartments more closely, and of discharge for the repair of diesel engines or electric motors no one would ever raise the issue does not think out? " The answer was silence and lingering breed of hands ... Dear Admiral seems to have forgotten that the warship is built primarily for war and, more specifically, to fight, and questions of its repair, comfort (habitability), successful third-technical solutions are far from major. In this formulation, which he operated, clearly spoke of "the song with the voice of strangers."

Nevertheless, the North PKB, fighting for a place on the export market, keeping the project number 1135 - now 11,356 - launched a project proposal of a new ship, as though (judging by the number of the project) is a further development of the "Petrel" - "Nereus" . Analysis of TTE proposed SPKB frigate speaks eloquently about the fact that nothing new compared with the "Hawk" pr.11356 does not contain ("Military Parade, 1995, September-October, s.161), but at the same time, has no pr.11351 with almost nothing in common.

Table 2.   

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* - The vessel is not specified;

** - Caliber and number of pipes is not indicated.

Published sketches of the side view and top pr.11356 say, on the one hand, that the ship is not worked out very competently (take reciprocal arrangement launchers and antenna station ADMS "Dagger"), on the other - general location is almost thoroughly repeats such pr.11540. The conclusion is clear: either domestic design idea was "dormant" for almost 15 years, or "Hawk" really turned out so good ship that to create something better and now beyond the power of even a very reputable organization, which is by far North PKB. The first to admit we can not only assume the latter. Specified comparisons we have made, of course, not to critique pr.11356 (more precisely - a project proposal). It is simply one more proof that "Hawk" is a truly modern and sophisticated vehicle.

Officers (except the captain) are placed in double cabins, midshipmen - in four-and six-cabins, crew - eight crew spaces, three of which are located below deck tank.